PSYCHOLOGICAL PREPARATION FOR A TOURIST TRIP

Material prepared by:

MBOU DOD SYUTUR

The success of a tourist trip depends on many different reasons: an interesting, properly constructed route that matches the strengths and experience of the group; sufficient training of each participant - physical, technical, and for the leader - tactical; thoughtfully equipping the group with everything necessary (equipment, food, medicine); strict adherence to safety rules along the route; to some extent - favorable weather.

However, even with the most successful combination of external circumstances, with the most careful preparation, the trip may not bring joy to tourists if unhealthy relationships develop between them. Conflicts in a group can not only spoil the travel experience, but also lead to serious incidents. This means that the psychological climate in the tourist group should also be named among the most important success factors.

The pleasure received by the participants of a tourist trip from the trip they have undertaken, and in some cases its successful outcome, depend on the psychological preparedness of tourists. Psychological preparation is designed to form in each tourist and the entire tourist group as a whole the psychological readiness to act optimally in the most difficult, unforeseen situations.

On hikes we live another life. In terms of eventfulness and emotional experiences, these weeks are often equal to many months in the city. People's passion for tourism, including sports, is growing before our eyes. People of all ages and professions, with different family and social status, significantly different in their cultural level and physical development, are involved in tourism. But interest in tourism plays a far different role in the lives of those who engage in it. The relationship between interest in tourism and other human interests is subject to very significant fluctuations both among different people and among the same person at different periods of life. The range of such oscillations is limited to two poles. One of them is the attitude towards sports travel as a possible recreation option (along with a trip to a resort, visiting relatives, an excursion trip on a boat, etc.). At the other pole is a fanatical attitude towards tourism, which absorbs all other interests and becomes the main meaning of life. Work, study, and everyday life are considered as pauses between trips. The expectations with which a person turns to tourism are complex, multiple and, most often, not sufficiently realized. Not everyone can give an intelligible answer to the question: “Why are you going to the mountains?”, nevertheless, travel in the mountains is gaining more and more popularity.

When going on a hike, people who get into tourism on their own initiative pursue various goals:

Ø Sports: fulfillment of category standards, tactical, technical and physical overcoming of natural difficulties (climbing a certain peak, passing an obstacle of a certain complexity), athletic growth. Moreover, there are 2 ways:

a) go through the most rationally, intellectually,

b) go through as quickly as possible, assertively, subordinating everything to your will.

Ø Overcoming oneself (moral and physical), self-affirmation. Moreover, both those who have an excess of energy and those who have so little of it that they need to prove their presence to themselves and those around them again and again will fall here.

Ø Fighting with rivals (direct (special intramural and correspondence competitions based on the results of the hikes) and indirect (in the process of sports growth, when fulfilling standards and receiving the next ranks, ranks and titles - “tourist career”), rivalry.

Ø Educational (learn to make a fire, pitch a tent, navigate the terrain, etc.)

Ø Excursion and educational (to see some regions, for example, the Altai Mountains, Siberian taiga, tundra, get acquainted with the life and customs of the people inhabiting them, visit places associated with the life and activities of famous people, historical, architectural, natural sites, etc.) d.)

Ø Military-patriotic (go through the battlefields of the Great Patriotic War).

Ø Goals related to the fulfillment of public tasks (collecting a herbarium, conducting simple hydrological measurements).

Ø Wellness goals (strengthening the body, improving well-being, relieving stress after a working week; eResearch data from the Research Institute of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences indicates that to maintain health - both physical and mental - a person should spend at least 200 hours a year in nature).

Ø Communicative (search for communication; for parents this may be a search for new ways to reach their own children).

Ø “For company” (especially typical for the first hikes).

Ø Curiosity is just to see what the mountains are like or to visit a certain area.

Ø Find your spouse.

Ø Rest, switching to another activity, distraction from daily problems, escape from a difficult situation.

Ø Aesthetic (enjoy the beauty of the surrounding landscape, walk through the autumn forest, breathe fresh air, experience the charm of this time of year, praised by poets).

Ø Romance: bonfires, songs, even hardships.

Ø Exotic, for example, contemplation, engaging in various spiritual practices.

Ø A tribute to fashion.

The expectations of people who come to tourism without much initiative on their part, as well as their very turning to tourism, are random in nature, and therefore it is difficult to predict their behavior while traveling.

A combination of several goals is possible, but in this case it is necessary to clearly identify the main one among them. Many equally important goals lead to a chronic lack of time, haste, a constant need to give preference to one of two equally important things, unplanned high physical activity, hassle, general irritability, exhaustion, and conflicts. Yes, besides everything, trying to complete several tasks taken upon themselves, tourists usually cannot complete a single one properly. Therefore, when organizing a hike, the goal should not be implied, but verbally formulated and brought to the attention of each participant in the hike at the stage of preparing the hike. To avoid disappointment, it is necessary that the goals of the group members coincide.

The result of any trip or hike is assessed by each person depending on how satisfied personal expectations are.

Depending on the goals and expectations of the travel participant and the degree of their expression (strength), the following occurs:

a) formation of a personal probabilistic forecast;

b) joining a group with some people and opposing others.

Schematically, the forecast of a hiker can be presented as follows:

The above list can be supplemented, but we are now interested in its structure, not details. As a result, the left column (with all possible additions) forms a positive model of the situation in the human mind, and the right column forms a negative one. For each person, both models are formed on the basis of life experience and largely depend on personal characteristics.

When faced with reality, a person evaluates it and compares it with both models. This happens (as well as the formation of the models themselves) mostly unconsciously. Undoubtedly, a situation that completely coincides with the positive model (or exceeds it) will cause pleasure in a person. But reality rarely spoils us with full compliance with our expectations. Usually some of them come true incompletely or not at all. However, the overall travel experience can be positive, especially if what is not achieved is compensated by exceeding other expectations. This applies to all points of the scheme, except one - “surprise”. You can be satisfied with the hike, which took place in very bad weather, in which you were not able to see much or complete the entire planned program. You may enjoy the hike despite some unpleasant relationships in the group. And even a not very good leader may not spoil it. But if, with complete well-being on a trip, a person does not encounter pleasant surprises (no matter what exactly they will be expressed in) - such a trip will not bring joy or pleasure. It will be boring, ordinary. A hike that is exactly the same as the previous one does not bring the same pleasure, and often even causes disappointment. The situation can be compared to how a healthy person feels about his well-being: someone who is used to feeling healthy does not feel joy about this. He simply, without thinking, takes advantage of his good health.

But let’s say events take an undesirable turn, and the situation approaches a negative model. In such cases, a person is not limited to simply stating facts. The options provided in the right column are not just probable - each of them is undesirable for a person. With the appearance of signs of their implementation, he becomes wary and - whether he wants it or not - prepares for defense. Behavioral skills (“patterns of behavior”) formed on the basis of previous experience serve as protection. Developed ideas about how to act in a given situation, based only on knowledge and not supported by personal experience, can also be used.

However, if the nature of the danger is not entirely clear to a person, then he naturally cannot oppose it with a certain protective pattern. In these cases, a person is acutely aware of his unpreparedness for danger. Therefore, in a situation of uncertainty, fraught with the possibility of various kinds of unpleasant surprises, a person experiences a feeling of internal tension, confusion, and fear. As a result, in a state of anxious anticipation, readiness for action may be sharply increased or excessively inhibited. Moreover, along with reactions that to some extent correspond to the situation, relatively strangers can also be included (all this is reminiscent of the picture of a false start among athletes: one person breaks down ahead of time and drags the rest with him). Thus, having accidentally become separated from the group, an inexperienced tourist, instead of a sober analysis of the situation, often begins to act hastily and haphazardly, which leads to a final loss of orientation. In personal relationships, the source of violent or overly broad reactions is often someone else’s not entirely clear action or ambiguous statement. The exact opposite behavior is also possible, when in a difficult, dangerous situation a person is inactive and even shows complacency due to insufficient inclusion or complete absence of defensive reactions.

But the objective result of both individual travel and tourism as a whole goes far beyond the satisfaction of individual expectations. Thus, tourism develops many valuable personality traits (patriotism, collectivism, courage, love of nature, cheerfulness, etc.), forms new interests, and contributes to the development of strength and endurance. Moreover, this happens regardless of whether a person engaged in tourism sets himself a similar task or not.

Hiking trips are not only a means of mass recreation; they often require extreme exertion of spiritual and physical strength, testing tourists for psychological compatibility and moral-volitional stability. Much valuable information about the behavior of people in difficult natural conditions (high mountains, at low and high temperatures), in sparsely populated areas was obtained during tourist trips, expeditions of A. Bombard, T. Heyerdahl, expeditions of Komsomolskaya Pravda. The accumulated observations and results of special research, in turn, can be used directly for psychological preparation for a tourist trip.

However, psychological factors are not always taken into account when organizing trips or training instructors. There is publicly available methodological literature on all other issues of tourism, and route qualification commissions and the control and rescue service carefully check the readiness of groups for upcoming trips according to the relevant standards. Each instructor or leader conducts only psychological training, based primarily on his own experience and his own mistakes.

Comprehensive psychological training consists of individual and group training. Individual psychological preparation, first of all, involves obtaining comprehensive information about the area of ​​travel and its purpose. Participants in the upcoming hike must balance their capabilities with the likely difficulties. Frivolity and high self-esteem can lead to disappointment, conflict with the group, going off the route, or even more serious consequences. The above applies not only to beginners, but also to experienced tourists. In this regard, the most dangerous are hikes in areas poorly developed by tourists, about which it is difficult to obtain the necessary information. Often the actual conditions of a hike differ significantly from previously established ideas.

However, knowledge of possible difficulties in itself does not guarantee success. No less important are practical skills and abilities that can only be acquired in training trips that are as close as possible to the conditions of the upcoming trip. However, experience has shown that when faced with unexpected difficulties, it is not the most experienced or physically strong tourists who act best. Often more important is the ability to maintain perseverance and peace of mind, optimism, and to mobilize oneself and comrades to overcome difficulties. At the same time, some techniques of mental self-regulation (autogenic training) can come to the aid of tourists. Many popular and scientific publications are devoted to these techniques, so for illustration we will give the classic formula of self-hypnosis, designed to relieve physical fatigue and mental tension:

“I am completely calm, my right (left) hand is relaxed, it fills with warmth and becomes heavy. The heart beats evenly and calmly. Breathing is even, calm, breathing is easy, the solar plexus radiates warmth. Cold forehead."

Targeted self-hypnosis is best done in a state of relaxation (muscle relaxation), but its importance should not be overestimated. This is just an aid. The main focus should be on conscious discipline and composure. The above also applies to the appearance of tourists, diet, compliance with hygiene standards, the ability to switch gears, and maintain a sense of humor.

A difficult and long hike is a serious test of a person’s physical and spiritual strength. With great physical exertion, attention and memory are weakened, overall performance decreases, apathy and indifference to the environment may appear. This psychological state is especially typical for high altitude conditions, where physical activity is aggravated by oxygen starvation (“mountain sickness”), as well as at low and high air temperatures. An effective means of influencing the group leader on tourists who have lost confidence in their abilities is suggestion, for example, using the formula: “You can go, you must go, you will go, you will go!”

We must not forget that tourism is a collective activity; There are many cases where a group consisting of well-prepared, experienced tourists turns out to be incapacitated due to internal strife and contradictions. Forming a tourist group capable of making hikes of the highest category of difficulty is a long and complex process. At the same time, it is necessary to practically solve many socio-psychological problems related to group compatibility, leadership, management, the influence of the group on the individual and the individual on the group, the formation of a favorable psychological climate and the prevention of conflict, etc.

A formal group is a group formed on the basis of some documents, and is headed by a leader (for example, your SYuTur study group, a group from a school class, an institute, or a production team). An informal group is a group formed on the basis of personal sympathies, affections, and common needs; this group is managed by a leader. Most tourist groups are informal and are formed as follows: several people unite, find a leader from the outside or nominate him from their ranks, or the reverse process - the leader selects a group “for himself” depending on the goals he pursues. Example: advertisement on the Internet: “I invite you on a hike 2 k.s. lovers of poetry and philosophical conversations."

Social psychologists distinguish several levels of contact groups. The starting point is a conglomerate group - a collection of previously directly unfamiliar people gathered at one time and in one place. This could be a newly formed group of amateur tourists (collected on the Internet) or a group of planned tourists who have just arrived at the camp site on a voucher. As people get to know each other within the group, connections, likes and dislikes are formed, and a certain structure of interpersonal relationships gradually crystallizes. But the emerging relationships are not strong and reliable enough, and are largely accidental. The psychological climate, the face of the group, its traditions are formed from the very first minutes of communication. Some came with a friend, others alone, one was talkative and gathered listeners around him, the other was reserved and kept himself apart. At first, the formation of a group is spontaneous, depending on the individual characteristics of tourists. It is important to promptly direct the formation of the group in the right direction, otherwise spontaneously formed microgroups will threaten to split. With proper leadership of the group, interpersonal relationships will become richer, closer, and richer in content.

Depending on the size of the group, its internal structure may become more complex “vertically” and “horizontally”. As group cohesion increases, a tendency toward isolation from other groups and collectives appears. With “autonomization,” tourists seem to dissolve into the group, and a distinction between “us” and “them” appears. The tendency towards isolation and isolation of the tourist group leads to the emergence of a narrow corporate spirit, group egoism, in which personal and group interests are sometimes stronger than public ones.

A distinctive feature of “similar” tourist groups is their high social activity and willingness to help comrades and fellow travelers. Such groups have strong traditions, the interests of tourists are diverse, and they spend a lot of time together. Continuity of goals is of great importance. After completing the hike, the group does not break up, but sets itself new, more complex tasks. Members of the tourist team are demanding and principled; they pay a lot of attention to training newcomers. Many tourists, even after the end of their sports career, maintain contact with the team for a long time.

The development of the original conglomerate group may also take an undesirable direction if its members strive primarily to achieve their own selfish goals to the detriment of their comrades. In this case, the group turns out to be disunited, and unstable, situational microgroups are formed within it. Existing contradictions lead to clashes, conflicts, and infringement of the interests of some tourists at the expense of others, whose interests are taken into account in the first place. When faced with difficulties, such a group often turns out to be disorganized, in its depths the ground is prepared for conflicts and outbreaks of aggressiveness.

An even more unfavorable situation develops in a group whose leadership uses it as a means to achieve its own goals; It often manipulates tourists, deliberately pitting them against each other in its own interests according to the “divide and conquer” principle. Essentially, such a group is an anti-collective.

When organizing a tourist group, it is not always possible to fully take into account the desires and personal sympathies of tourists. In this regard, the problem of discrepancy between formal (official) and informal relationships arises. The group leader finds himself in a particularly difficult position, who needs to win the position of a genuine, authoritative leader of the team and prove in practice his right to manage people. The leader organizes all the life activities of the group, formulates goals, determines ways to achieve them, makes decisions, distributes responsibilities, gives instructions, controls and evaluates the actions of tourists, and sums up the results of the trip. A good leader of a tourist group has organizational and communication skills, the ability to achieve a set goal, the art of convincing, and when necessary, forcing the participants of the trip to fulfill their duties.

It is necessary to distinguish between genuine leadership and the desire for dominance, official and unofficial leadership, stable and situational, etc. A group may have one leader or several, competing with each other or acting in different areas: sports, economic, organizational, communication, etc. d. It should be noted that in the presence of a single leader, other group members may experience psychological discomfort and be in a depressed mood.

In a tourist group, along with an obvious leader, there may also be a hidden one, who, under certain circumstances, can assert his rights. Most often, the struggle for primacy begins at the first difficulties, when the group leader discovers an inability to successfully cope with his role. The reason for this may be the wrong group leadership style. The choice of the optimal leadership style depends on the composition of the group and the specific situation in which the tourists find themselves.

A democratic leadership style is more appropriate in situations that promote collegial decision-making. This style has a beneficial effect on the psychological climate in the group, but is unacceptable when there is a shortage of time, when quick decision-making and execution are required. In these cases, an authoritarian style that excludes any discussion is more effective.

A democratic leader in his activities strives to take into account the individual characteristics, knowledge and experience of group members. He is not selective in his contacts, treats all tourists equally, and objectively assesses the capabilities and personal qualities of his companions. An authoritarian leader proceeds from average ideas about group members and does not take into account their individual characteristics, although sometimes he singles out several tourists, gets close to them and uses them for his own purposes. Sometimes he is harsh, tactless, and judges people subjectively. Such qualities of a leader increase psychological tension in the group and create a nervous environment. The single-mindedness of an authoritarian leader often leads to significant sporting success, but it is not easy to get along with him. An experienced tour group leader should be able to vary the style of his activities depending on the composition of the group and the circumstances. Authoritarian leadership is advisable in relation to a newly formed group of newcomers who, due to inexperience, are capable of making mistakes. In a “similar” group with established relationships and traditions, a democratic leader, who is helped in this by his comrades, copes better with his responsibilities.

When organizing a hiking trip, you should especially carefully consider the question of the group leader. Not every tourist, after participating in several trips, finds himself prepared for a new role. Strict control is necessary here, since “wild”, unregistered tourist groups may be led by adventurers. As you know, most emergency incidents occur with tourists acting in violation of the established rules.

The absence or excess of group leaders is one of the significant reasons for the incapacity of a tourist group. A group consisting of passive tourists will be sluggish and not dynamic enough. If every tourist pretends to be a leader and shows unnecessary initiative, irreconcilable contradictions will arise. It is desirable that the group has one indisputable authority and several potential leaders who complement each other in different areas of activity.

The psychological compatibility of group members is determined by the similarity of their interests and aspirations, the unity of goals and motives realized in the campaign. The compatibility of a group to some extent depends on the similarity of the intellectual level of tourists, the similarity of their characters and even habits. This does not mean that by uniting similar people into one group, we will automatically achieve success. Forming a group requires time, practical similarity and, of course, a mutual desire to achieve the goal, even if this means sacrificing one’s own interests. On the other hand, the unique individuality of each person with a friendly attitude towards each other contributes to spiritual enrichment. After all, as we know, “opposites meet.” The principle of complementarity (Latin “complimentare” - “to complement each other”) is that one of the partners in joint activities must take the initiative into their own hands, be a leader and lead the other. In another type of activity they can change roles, etc.

The number of participants in the trip is essential. Social and psychological studies have shown that the maximum size of a contact group should not exceed 30 people, otherwise it will be insufficiently cohesive and poorly managed. The emergence of microgroups should be prevented by dividing the group into units with their own governing bodies. Particular attention should be paid to unpopular group members who are on the “periphery” of communication, in isolation. According to some data, the optimal size of a tourist group should be 7±2 people.

Many tourists are interested in the question of the impact of gender, age, professional and national differences on the effectiveness of group activities. Practice has shown that tourist groups consisting of women are able to independently undertake hikes of the highest category of difficulty. As for mixed groups, it is believed that women should make up no more than 1/3 of the group (but not less than 2 people). In a mixed group, a healthy psychological climate is created thanks to an atmosphere of mutual assistance.

Preparedness in the field of psychology is, first of all, clear ideas about a specific mental reality, associated with an insatiable interest in it and a willingness to directly contact it in interpersonal communication. A psychologically prepared teacher should, first of all, have a heightened “sense of animation” of outside people (and, above all, his pupils), and not just verbal, conceptual knowledge of the corresponding kind. When working with students, it is important to consider the educational tasks of the teacher (and their psychological support) as a priority. As they say, if you don’t educate a person, then it’s better not to teach him: he will do less harm.

Tasks

1. Where to sleep?

After several intense days, the thoroughly wet group came to an abandoned hut near a calm forest river. The hut has a stove and bunks for everyone, but it requires cleaning and there is no firewood. After them you have to wade knee-deep to the other bank.

Algorithm V.B. Tretyak

Algorithm for preparing and conducting a hike.

Preparation stages

Preparatory

Conducting a hike

Completion of the hike (report)

Preparation of the trip

The group of participants is the leader!

Goals of the trip.

Route (map).

Equipment (group and personal).

Documentation.

Money (estimate).

Food (hiking menu).

Distribution of duties.

Exploring the travel area.

Organization of educational program on tourism and safety.

Distribution of public cargo (group equipment and food) between participants.

Conducting a hike

Access to the travel area

Movement on the route (according to the map and azimuth)

Driving mode

Responsibilities on the route (while driving)

Behavior at small rest stops

Drinking regime

Fatigue

Traffic technology, safety on the route

Organizing a bivouac

Organizing a fire, types of fires

Cooking while camping

Work on the route

• Head

• Duty officer

  Everyone (there should be no nets)

13.Excursions, meetings, work (helping someone)

14.Collection of local history material

15. Rest (bath).

Completion of the hike

Equipment drying and repair

Return of rental equipment

Making photographs, slides, videos

Writing a report

Assignment of ranks (if the standards are met)

Conducting the final evening

The trekking algorithm has been drawn up; now let’s briefly decipher the most important points.

Preparation of the trip

“The success of a campaign depends entirely on its preparation”

(Tourist Law)

Group selection.

The group is selected based on strength, age, preparedness, and interests. The age difference between the children is 1-2 years.

Goal, task, theme of the campaign.

• Sports (test – performing categories)

  Local history

  Educational and training

  Multi-purpose (but no more than 2-3 targets)

  Tests

  Recreational (just relaxation)

The route is chosen according to the strength of the participants and is interesting. The area must have places for overnight stays, be provided with water, firewood, etc.

Equipment.

A. Group (for a hike without an overnight stay)

Route sheet

Map (1-2 copies)

Compass (2-3 pcs.)

• Camera (1-2)

  Repair kit

  Ax, saw

  Matches, kindling, plywood for blowing, mitten

  Bowler hat (in case)

Fire equipment (rope, flyers, hooks, nails)

Scoop, large knife, can opener, kitchen board

Oilcloth for table

Rain awning

B. Group (for an overnight trip, in addition to A., for 15 people)

Tents (with polyethylene awning) - 3-4 pcs.

Polyurethane foam mats - 2-3 per tent (lay across)

Axes (1 large, 2 small)

Pots (5-8 l.) – 2-3

Ladle (one more)

Flashlights (1 per tent, spare set of batteries)

Binoculars, telescope

Equipment for the crossing (if necessary)

B. Personal (to each)

Backpack with liner (large for boys), without an overnight stay you can also carry a bag

Rain cape (you can use a piece of plastic film 120x160 cm)

Sedushka, alpenstock (staff), coil of rope (2-5 m)

Sleeping bag with liner (or blanket)

Boots or sneakers (spare laces and insoles)

Spare shoes (sneakers, sports shoes) - boots in spring and autumn, felt boots in winter

Thick woolen socks – 2 pairs

Thin socks – 3-4 pairs

Storm jacket, windbreaker, anarak, jacket (or storm suit)

Tight trousers (loose)

Shorts, breeches

Light sweater, biker jacket (in winter - thick plus spare)

Shirt, T-shirt, sports T-shirt – 2-3

Hat, headscarf, baseball cap

Swimming trunks, swimsuit (but do not wear them on the route)

Underwear – 2-3 pairs (preferably cotton)

“flashlights”, gaiters (to prevent sand from getting into your shoes)

KLMN (mug, spoon, bowl, folding knife)

Flask (polyethylene bottle) 0.5-1 l

Hygiene supplies (towel, soap, toothpaste and brush, toilet paper, tissues.)

Matches (sealed in polyethylene)

Clock, compass, whistle, flashlight (optional)

• Personal medications and dressing package

  Needle, thread

Documentation.

It is necessary to write an order for the institution, draw up and certify the route sheet (category trip is declared in the MCC, registered in the KSS), a passport for the head, and certificates from school for the children. If you plan to spend the night indoors, it is better to agree in advance (by letter, by phone).

Money, estimate.

Money - at the expense of parents, bosses, sponsors, and the issuing organization; in summer - at the expense of funds allocated for health improvement (at least 9 days).

Estimate (calculation of money needed for the trip):

Transport

• Equipment rental

  Necessary little things (medicines, packing bags, film, batteries, writing a report - photos, paper, binding, telephone and telegrams, unforeseen expenses, etc.)

7. Food

Bread, crackers – 500 g or cookies, biscuits – 200 g

Cereals, pasta – 60 g per person per cooking, soup concentrates – 50 g per day

Butter, ghee – 50-60 g

Stew, pate – 150 g or freeze-dried meat – 50 g

Sugar – 80-100 g. Candies, chocolate, halva, honey – 70-100 g

Raw smoked sausage, boiled-smoked sausage, brisket, loin, lard, ham – 50 g

Fish products, salted, canned, dried, smoked fish – 50 g

Fresh vegetables – 100 g, freeze-dried – 50 g

Fresh milk, cream – 200 g, or dry milk – 25-30 g, or condensed milk – 50 g

Cheese – 20-40 g

Fresh fruits – 100 g, or dried fruits, nuts – 30 g

Coffee – 3 g, cocoa – 10 g, tea – 4 g

Spices: pepper, mustard, bay leaf, onion, garlic, citric acid – 30-40 g

Vitamins, glucose – 3 g

Salt – 10 g

For a hike, several standard menus are prepared for 3-4 days; on a multi-day hike, typical menus are repeated. For a multi-day category hike, a strict calculation is made for each brew by day; Each brew is packaged in a separate plastic bag, and they are put one by one, one by one, into separate bags for a day. The daily bag is weighed and signed: approx. 2 days - 2 kg.

8. Responsibilities (positions) during the campaign: permanent and shifting (duty)

A. Constant:

Leader (adult, preferably with experience in participation and management)

Deputy hands. (adult, on hikes for more than 3 days, more than 15 people, category)

Assistant (commander) – trained high school student

Caretaker (if there are a lot of people, then separately - for food and equipment)

Senior conductor - responsible for maps, monitors the duty conductor

Senior local historian – responsible for collecting local history material

Orderly - keeps a first aid kit, knows how to provide assistance to the injured, monitors cleanliness

Ecologist – monitors the cleaning of the territory, conducts observations

Meteorologist - monitors the weather

Kultorg – organizes leisure activities

Fizorg – conducts exercises, sports games

Treasurer - collects money, keeps calculations, expenses, but the head of the "savings bank"

Repairman - stores a repair kit, knows how to repair a backpack, shoes, equipment

Photographer – takes photographs for the report

Etc. desirable: 15 participants – 15 positions

B. Shift workers (on duty)

Senior duty officer (manager, deputy, assistant)

Kostrovoy

dishwasher

Water tray (if far away)

Conductor

Chronicler

Note Firewood at the rest stop is collected by everyone, incl. and leader

The travel area is studied in advance using literary sources, according to reports in tourist clubs, and consultations are held with experienced tourists.

When preparing for an overnight hike, you must definitely conduct a weekend hike without an overnight stay, walking 10-15 km. Before a multi-day hike (more than 3 days), it is necessary to conduct a hike with one overnight stay. When preparing for a category hike, it is advisable to make a sedate hike (according to the standards for youth categories). Before each hike, a safety briefing is conducted with all participants signed for.

When giving instructions on personal equipment, you should draw the participants’ attention to the need not to take unnecessary things with them, but to take lightweight things, because When distributing public equipment and food, the weight of personal equipment is not taken into account. The social burden for girls is 2/3 of that for boys.

Conducting a hike

Access to the travel area.

A very important and responsible moment of the journey. It is better to buy tickets in advance, especially for long-distance trains and buses. If things are bulky (kayaks), it is better to pay for luggage in advance for the bus. Strictly follow the rules in transport

transportation: do not make noise, do not litter, etc. When leaving, the main thing is not to forget your things, and for this you need to assign responsibility for each specific thing: boilers, kayaks, tents, etc., if they are not packed in backpacks.

Traffic on the route.

The main thing here is to be able to navigate and use maps and diagrams. You need knowledge of topography, symbols, the ability to orient a map on the ground and with the help of a compass, determine your standing point, determine and be able to move in azimuth.

Driving mode.

The daily routine is determined depending on the hiking plan. Get up as early as possible. The main transition must be done early in the day, before it gets hot. Daytime lunch break 2-3 hours. Stop for the night no later than 2-3 hours before dark. The average speed is 3.5-4.5 km/h. Move evenly, without jerking. The pace is at the weakest. Stronger means more load (if the group is of different ages).

Responsibilities on the route (while driving).

The leader or senior duty officer: controls the direction of movement, periodically checks the composition of tourists, gives a signal to stop and continue the journey, indicates the procedure for overcoming obstacles, ensures safety, selects places for halts and overnight stays in advance. Appoints a leader and a leader.

Duty guide: leads the group along the planned route using a map and compass.

Guide: chooses the path in the indicated direction, maintains an even pace of movement. Can be part-time conductor on duty or his backup.

The leader: does not leave anyone behind under any circumstances, signals the need to stop, provides first aid (has medications).

Behavior at rest stops.

The first stop is 10-15 minutes after the start of movement. Task: eliminate all problems in equipment and uniform. At a rest stop: sit in the shade, raise your legs to drain the blood, do a massage for pain in the calf muscles and body muscles, you can wash your legs (be sure to wipe them dry), rinse your face and torso. NOT TO DRINK!

6. Drinking regime.

2.5-3 liters of water per day (tea, soups). Don't drink on the route! Especially from rivers, swamps and lakes. In extreme heat: sour candy, prunes, rinse your mouth.

7. Fatigue.

Signs of fatigue: pallor, sweating, uneven breathing, loss of coordination, the appearance of breaks in the column. Give 10-15 g of sugar and 1-2 tablets of vitamin C, partially or completely relieve the load, put the tired ones at the head of the column (there the pace of movement is smoother). Changing impressions, driving conditions and other emotional factors help overcome fatigue.

8. Driving technique, safety on the route.

Place your feet parallel (to reduce lateral vibrations). When ascending with a full foot, when descending with a full foot (on hard ground), bury your heels on loose soil. Step over an obstacle, do not step on it. Use an alpenstock. When going uphill, go in a zigzag. Through the swamp: carry a backpack on one shoulder, go around the “windows”, don’t walk through difficult roads! Through rivers, streams: along a log - harness (bowline, guide); fording - with insurance or a “wall”.

9. Organizing a bivouac

Safety: do not choose a bivouac near populated areas, large roads, oil tanks, warehouses, under high-voltage lines, under a steep slope (landslide, avalanche), near isolated trees, on the tops of hills (lightning), low river bank (will flood during rainfall), under dead wood, rotten trees (they will fall in a strong wind).

Water: must be clean, running, and not flow from a populated area. Better spring.

• The place should be beautiful, dry, comfortable, especially during the day.

Planning a bivouac.

Compact placement - tents close to each other, with access to the fire, the distance from the fire is at least 5 m.

Determine places: for washing, washing dishes, toilet (no closer than 100 m), garbage pit.

If near a river, then water for drinking is taken upstream, then downstream - a place for swimming, washing, washing dishes, and washing.

Upon arrival at the bivouac: 5-10 minutes rest, then the 1st team - where to put the backpacks, the 2nd - where to set up a fire, the 3rd - everyone, except those on duty, go for firewood, incl. and leader. Next is a fire, cooking, tents, etc.

When leaving: light the fire, remove garbage and fill up the garbage pit, fill up the toilet.

10. Organization of a fire, types of fires.

Make fires only in places that completely exclude the possibility of fire. A forest fire caused by tourists is a crime punishable by law!

It is prohibited to make fires: near a forest (trees), in young coniferous forests, in old clearings, on peat bogs, next to dry grass, near wooden buildings.

Types of fires: “well”, “hut”, “taiga”, “star”, “Nodya” and others.

11. Cooking (take turns).

12. Work on the route.

The leader constantly monitors the group, monitors the actions of the senior duty officer and conductors, carefully and tactfully helps to correct shortcomings, and leads the group on “his” day. Keeps the group's money. The manager is relieved of duty in the kitchen and does not wash public dishes.

The food supply manager controls the consumption of food, manages their issuance and purchase, and together with the equipment manager, redistributes the weight of food and public equipment between participants.

The equipment manager, in addition, monitors the availability and condition of public equipment and gives instructions for repairs.

The senior duty officer directs the group’s actions during “their” 24 hours.

The rest of the specialists work according to their profile.

The main thing is that everyone on the route must work. If you didn’t do it, someone should do it for you! There will be no less work.

It is better to plan excursions and meetings in advance and allocate time for them in the travel schedule. For this, it is good to provide half-days, i.e. excursion before lunch, trek after, or vice versa. If you come across an interesting local history object (or a knowledgeable person) on the way, do not pass by - read it, examine it, listen to the story, photograph and write it all down, and then attach it to the report.

Collecting local history material, labor (helping someone). Many plan to perform socially useful work on the way, incl. and on instructions from various organizations. It may

be physical labor, propaganda, search, observation, research, collecting something. Take the task, complete it,

help, but only rely on your strength, do not overload.

Rest (bath). It is very important not to overload, rest on time, take days after 2-3 days of travel, or half-days after 2 days. On days off, at the end of the journey, it’s a good idea to organize a tourist bathhouse, wash yourself well, and wash your clothes.

Departure. It is important to clearly organize your departure, not to forget things on the platform in a hurry, and during absences, be sure to assign security guards.

Completion of the hike.

Upon returning from a hike, dry all things, inspect them, and repair them if necessary.

Anything rented, including from friends and acquaintances, must be immediately returned to the owners in person.

Develop films and take photographs, edit videos.

Write a report:

• Background information about the trip,

  Brief description of the travel area,

  Information about group members,

  Group movement schedule

  Pre-march preparation,

  First aid kit, repair kit,

  General route diagram,

  Technical description of the route,

  Photographic materials,

  Local history collected material.

They spend a joint evening where they watch slides, a video (you can prepare a stand or a newspaper about the trip), sing songs and dream about new travels.

References

Tourism at school. – M.: Physical culture and sport, 1983.

A. Berman. Young tourist. – M.: Physical culture and sport, 1977.

A short guide for tourists. – M.: Profizdat, 1985.

Bardin K. ABC of tourism, M.: Education, 1981.

Kulikov V., Rotshtein L. School of tourist leaders. – M.: Humanitarian Publishing Center, 1999.

Document

... preparation, carrying outcampaign and summing up. 1.8.Rules for driving in hike ... carrying out competitions and place registration carrying out. Types of tourist competitions and their features carrying out. The concept of distance stages ... . Algorithm examinations...

1. Physical education and sports in higher education institutions integration into the European educational space

   Document

   Operational content (technology and algorithms, reflecting the construction of motor action), ... with preparation athletes during pre-competition stagepreparation at carrying out current... physical activity during carrying outcampaign day off in...

2. Nizhny Novgorod educational program of primary general education

   Main educational program

   According to algorithm and build the simplest algorithms, research... stages: 1. First stage ... preparation and design of concerts, theatrical productions, competitions, participation in the organization and carrying out volunteer and charity events, hikes ...

3. “methodology for organizing and conducting technical technical work”

   Brief dictionary

   Organizational algorithm does not change. Stagespreparation CP: decision making carrying out CP, ... athletes, obstacle course, hikes(one-day, multi-day, overnight... tourist game, tourist hike, friendly sports matches, ...

Current page: 2 (book has 12 pages total) [available reading passage: 8 pages]

Font:

100% +

Questions and tasks

1. What helps a person survive in difficult natural conditions?

2. Name the mental cognitive processes that influence human behavior in an extreme situation.

3. What is attention?

4. Explain how you understand the term “sustained attention.”

5. Check if you are paying attention. Find the two women shown in the picture.

6. Place 20 different objects on the table: pen, notebook, keys, toy, flashlight, other things. Cover it all with newspaper. Distract yourself from doing something else, like talking to someone. After 10 minutes, return to the table. Remove the newspaper for half a minute and cover the items with it again. Write down on paper everything you saw. Then remove the newspaper and check whether you noticed and wrote down all the objects. The more items you can immediately remember, the greater your attention span. Repeat this exercise until you are able to write down all the items. This will already train your attention.

7. What is sensation?

8. What is perception?

9. How does perception differ from sensation?

10. What is memory?

11. How does involuntary memory differ from voluntary memory?

12. Explain how you understand the term “thinking”.

13. What consequences can lead to excessive fascination with the imagination of pictures of possible misfortune?

14. Perform exercises aimed at developing mental processes (Appendix 1).

Most often, fear generates the strongest tension of all a person’s strength when he finds himself in a dangerous situation and begins to imagine pictures of what could happen to him and what threat to his life and health lies ahead. This voltage is called stress, and fear is one of its manifestations. “An unknown disaster always inspires more fear,” the ancient sages noted.

The experience of fear can begin with a simple fears, fright, and end horror. A person begins to rush about, loses control over his behavior and, as a result, instead of saving himself, he can bring upon himself even more troubles. For example, finding himself alone in the forest, allowing fear to take over him, he ceases to correctly assess how far he is from familiar places and how great the danger really is. His powers of observation and normal perception of objects around him are impaired. A stump with a twig may seem like a scary animal, a tree like a villain with an axe. Crying, screaming, and random running may begin, often in circles in the same place.

Because of all this fuss, a person becomes even more frightened and commits even more rash acts. This phenomenon is called panic, and such behavior - panicky. If at this moment you do not resolutely command yourself: “Stop!”, then panic will increase.

Then a feeling of severe fatigue, numbness or, conversely, a state of very strong anxiety, excitement, and a desire to destroy everything in your path appears. In both cases, a person may even injure himself or not notice the real danger. In this state, he is unlikely to be able to remember what to do, how to give himself first aid in the event of an injury or bite from an animal. He will not be able to notice life-saving sources of water or signs of human habitation nearby.

REMEMBER: fear, anxiety, panic, confusion are born only when a person imagines that the danger is greater than it actually is, and begins to imagine in advance terrible pictures of what could happen to him. But it may not happen, and this largely depends on him.

The main causes of fear are: a sudden change in the situation, loneliness, the unknown, the unexpected approach of someone or something, heights, darkness, different sounds.

Every person experiences fear of danger, but only those who have learned to evaluate it in themselves, recognize its causes, and who have previously mastered the techniques of self-control can overcome it.

What character traits do you need to develop in yourself to survive in difficult conditions?

They say about some people that they are decisive and persistent: if they set a goal for themselves, they will definitely achieve it. They say about others that they are stubborn, if they want something, they will not listen to anyone or anything, they will take their own. What's the difference between them?

In the first case, we are talking about those who know how to set a goal for themselves, for example, to study only well or learn to swim. Therefore, they work hard on their own or attend a sports section, listen to the advice of their elders, and can overcome difficulties in achieving their goal. In another case, the guys do not set any goals, do not think about anything, but simply obey their momentary desires and pleasures. As soon as they begin to encounter difficulties in satisfying these desires, they become capricious and demand that everyone around them help them. Often they actually get their way, but only because everyone is tired of them. Such people, finding themselves in difficult conditions, as a rule, become victims of various accidents.

REMEMBER: to survive in extreme conditions in nature, you need to overcome fear, force yourself to reason calmly when you want to scream and cry, and set yourself the goal of surviving at all costs.

A person’s ability to consciously manage his behavior and work, his focus on overcoming difficulties in achieving his goals is called by will.

However, will is not only the ability to set a goal and make efforts to achieve it, but also the ability to force oneself to give up something if necessary.

The education of will must begin by developing the habit of overcoming small difficulties first. For example, train yourself to get up early when you want to lie in bed, or continue doing your homework, although friends call you to go outside. By systematically working on oneself in this way, a person strengthens and trains his will.

REMEMBER: the decision made must be implemented.

Whenever a person makes a decision but postpones execution again and again, his will weakens. Systematic failure to implement decisions makes a person unprepared to face real difficulties that are inevitable in extreme situations in nature. Of course, you need to think about your decisions: you should be able to carry them out, but having made a decision, you need to carry it out.

In addition, it is important:

Train in focusing on your actions, actions and evaluating them from the point of view of will development;

Be able to analyze your actions and actions, mistakes and miscalculations, so as not to repeat them in the future;

Be strict and demanding towards yourself when fulfilling what is planned, your promises;

Be able to strengthen and develop your volitional qualities (perseverance, determination, dedication) through targeted self-hypnosis using special phrases and words (here are examples: “My desires are subordinate to me”, “I can completely restrain myself”, “I cannot be confused” , “I control myself”, “I control myself in any situation”, “I control my feelings”, “I am always collected (collected), organized (organised)”, “I do not get lost under any circumstances”). It is advisable to learn these phrases by heart and periodically repeat them to yourself in a calm atmosphere.

Questions and tasks

1. Explain what you understand by the terms “fear”, “fright”, “horror”, “panic”.

Name the main reasons for fear.

3. Give examples of panic behavior from films and works of fiction.

4. What is called will?

5. What strong-willed character traits do you know?

6. How does a strong will help you survive in extreme situations?

7. How can you develop your will?

What needs to be done to avoid extreme situations in natural conditions? Knowledgeable people say that for this, first of all, it is necessary: ​​1) to properly prepare for the trip; 2) follow the rules of safe behavior in natural conditions. Let's look at these questions using the example of a schoolchildren's camping trip.

Tourists are usually prepared for an autonomous existence. For them this is a normal phenomenon, they do it consciously. They are systematically preparing for life away from populated areas, preparing their own food, and providing first aid.

Preparing for the hike

Every year thousands of schoolchildren go on hikes and expeditions. They are accompanied by teachers or leaders of tourist clubs.

Tourists really know and imagine the difficulties of camping life and prepare in advance to overcome them. There are instructions that define the responsibilities of the leader and members of the group during the preparation and conduct of the trip, to prevent extreme situations. The main task when preparing and conducting a trip is to ensure safety.

Don't think that hiking is all fun. Hiking can be difficult, cold, and too hot.

A tourist group of schoolchildren must be led by two adults: the group leader and his deputy. If something happens to the leader during the trip, his deputy will take his place.

The group leader is appointed from among experienced tourists. He is responsible for the life and health of group members. Therefore he has absolute power, like the captain of a ship.

Both multi-day, complex hikes and one- or two-day hikes require preparation. Preparation involves determining the goals and objectives of the hike, developing a route, purchasing food, preparing public equipment (tents, cooking utensils) and personal equipment.

It takes a lot of time to prepare for a multi-day hike. Since multi-day hikes are often carried out far from home, from populated areas, it is necessary to carefully develop a route and become familiar with the climatic conditions of the travel area. Taking into account the developed route, climate and terrain, the group selects the necessary equipment and purchases food.

In the interests of safety, it is advisable to distribute food and equipment so that each member of the group has the most necessary things in an extreme situation: matches, some food, personal utensils for cooking (for example, an iron mug), and a knife.

After developing the route, the leader of the hike submits it to the route-qualification commission, whose members are the most experienced tourists who know the area chosen for the hike well. They check the correctness of the route development, alternate exit options in case of unforeseen circumstances, the suitability of equipment, and give advice and consultation.

The leader is obliged to inform the search and rescue service of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief of the area where the trek will take place about the route and the timing of its passage. Search and rescue services operate in all regions, territories, and republics of Russia. Messages are sent to them so that they can quickly provide assistance to the group if it does not return from the trip on time or gives a signal about the extreme situation in which it finds itself.

“A distress signal was received late in the evening from a group of tourists traveling along the spurs of the Yegosh mountain range. An 18-year-old student at the Sochi Polytechnic College, Zhenya Gorbunova, began to experience severe abdominal pain. Within an hour, a Spetsavia helicopter was in the air with five rescuers on board. It was not possible to find the group in the darkness, and then the guys decided to parachute. This was the most dramatic stage of the operation: in rainy and windy weather, descending a rope from a height of 30 meters is not at all easy. But the boys, one after another, slipped into the darkness. During the night they found the tourists, reported their exact coordinates, and provided first aid to the sick girl. And already in the morning, on the second helicopter flight, the victim was taken to Sochi and hospitalized...”

Finally, the route was developed and checked, equipment and food were prepared, and the local search and rescue service was notified. But even after careful preparation, the group is not immune from extreme situations.

Rules for safe behavior in nature

Tourists have clear rules of behavior on the route, at a rest stop, and when overcoming obstacles. These rules are aimed at ensuring safety.

REMEMBER: you need to be disciplined while hiking, because most of the extreme situations in nature arise due to the lack of discipline of the participants.

During the movement, group members walk in a column one at a time. The leader or navigator of the group can go ahead as a guide, bringing up the rear. He has a responsible task: to ensure that the column does not stretch and that no one lags behind. If suddenly something happens to one of the participants, then the leader decides whether to stop the entire group or stop with this participant to troubleshoot the problem. But in any case, he first reports this to the manager.

REMEMBER: on the route or at a rest stop, under no circumstances should you leave the group.

You need to be especially careful when driving through difficult terrain. You can slip on a steep mountain slope, on wet stones on the bank of a mountain river, while crossing it, stumble while moving through a swamp, or simply trip over a fallen tree or branch in thick grass.

The last kilometers of the day's journey are dangerous. Fatigue accumulates and attention decreases.

When moving along the river bed on wet stones, special care must be taken.

The group always has a designated member responsible for providing first aid. All members of the group must be able to provide it, but the person assigned to this position keeps a first aid kit. It is generally accepted among tourists that the hike was successful if medications and dressings were not required.

You need to be careful when moving in the forest

REMEMBER: If you are careful and careful, you will not need medications.

You have to be careful around the fire, you can’t drink raw water... How do you remember what is allowed and what is not? They will talk about this very simply in the classes of the tourist club and teach you everything: pitch a tent, make a fire, cook food, navigate the terrain, provide first aid, and tie special tourist knots (see Appendix 3).

On the route and at a rest stop, real tourists treat the surrounding nature with care, trying to disturb its harmony as little as possible.

REMEMBER: we are guests of nature and must behave decently.

Tent poles do not need to be cut down from living trees at each stop; it is better to take collapsible, lightweight ones from home. Gone are the cut-out flyers and crossbars for hanging buckets over the fire: tourists now carry with them a lightweight, collapsible taganka or rope. It’s tempting to put fluffy spruce branches under your tent, but it’s better to take an insulating mat with you.

Tourists use a rope to hang buckets over a fire.

Tourists have this rule: if someone goes on reconnaissance, they determine the route in advance and set a control time to which they must return. If this time has expired and those who went on reconnaissance have not returned, search work begins.

When going to an unfamiliar forest, ask local residents about the area and routes. If there is a detailed map of the area, study it. It’s better to go into an unfamiliar forest with local kids, or even more reliably with one of the adults. When leaving, you need to inform your parents or one of the adults about this.

When leaving a populated area, you need to determine the direction of the roads leading from it. Find out what landmarks limit the area of ​​the forest you are going to.

Tourists and orienteers participating in competitions have a concept "polygon boundaries". These are linear landmarks (roads, clearings, forest boundaries, power lines) beyond which you cannot go.

Just in case, competition participants are informed of the procedure to follow in case of loss of orientation. This is done so that if a participant loses orientation, he does not go far from the competition area, but goes out in a certain direction to a clearly visible linear landmark and then goes to the gathering place. Let's consider this using the example of the competition area shown in the diagram near the village of Drovyanaya.

Scheme of the tourist competition area near the village of Drovyanaya

The boundaries of the landfill: from the north the Andoga River and a ravine with a drying up stream, from the east - the Andoga and Stacha rivers, from the south - the Stacha River, from the west - the railway and the road from the village of Drovyanoy to the railway.

If you lose your bearings, you need to go west to the railway and then walk along it to the village.

The resulting guidelines and instructions on how to act in case of loss of orientation help ensure the safety of competition participants and facilitate the work of rescuers.

When going into the forest even for a short time, you need to take with you, just in case, a couple of sandwiches, a thermos of tea, some caramels, matches (but not for playing with fire!). It's a good idea to take a compass with you.

“How I scolded myself for not taking matches with me. I mentally promised myself for the future not to leave the bivouac even a few meters without them,” these are the words of the famous Russian explorer of the Far East V. Arsenyev, who found himself far from his camp in bad weather.

While walking, you need to remember the main direction of movement, some clearly visible objects by which you can determine your location (they are called landmarks), forks in paths, intersections of roads, characteristic features of the relief. Picking mushrooms or berries with someone, try not to lose sight of each other.

Sometimes in literature you can find advice: when entering an unfamiliar forest, mark your path with notches on the trees. Imagine what the forest will turn into if everyone entering it starts making notches or breaking branches! This should only be done as a last resort, in an extreme situation, but we’ll talk about that later.

Questions and tasks

1. Explain the main purpose of preparing thoroughly for a hike.

2. Why does the group leader have absolute power during the hike?

3. Why does the group leader communicate the hike route and timing to the local search and rescue service?

4. During the year, under the guidance of a teacher, complete the tasks and exercises proposed in Appendix 2.

5. Guess and write the words in the boxes:

1. A person who loves to go hiking. 2. A big axe, and a small one...? 3. What do tourists light to keep warm, dry and cook? 4. A fisherman’s favorite pastime. 5. Collection of geographical maps. 6. Large gathering of tourists. 7. A large bag that tourists carry on their back. 8. Dishes, container for cooking over a fire. 9. A device used to determine the sides of the horizon. 10. Horizon side.

Now, from the letters in the gray cells, make up a keyword that denotes the item needed on the hike.

Check your answers with those given in the “Answers to Assignments” section at the end of the textbook.

6. Tell us about the rules for the group on the route. Why are the last kilometers of a day's trek considered the most difficult?

7. How should one treat the surrounding nature when moving along the route and at a rest stop?

8. What are “polygon boundaries” and why are they determined?

9. Draw from memory a diagram of your route from home to school, from the train platform to the dacha, or some other route.

10. After a trip to the country or a walk in the park, try to draw some part of the path on a piece of paper. Ask your parents to check that this task is completed correctly.

11. Draw a diagram of the area of ​​the nearest forest where you go to pick mushrooms or berries. Determine for yourself or ask local residents about what linear landmarks this area is bounded by. Determine their approximate location. Go to the forest with your parents, try to reach these landmarks. Before this, determine the direction to the north, then the direction to the linear landmark.

12. Solve the word encrypted in the rebus.

Check your answer with that given in the “Answers to Assignments” section at the end of the textbook. Why do you need to study this subject when going on a hike?

13. Guess the riddle:

Who, as soon as it gets hot,
He will pull the fur coat over his shoulders,
And the evil cold will come -
Will he throw her off his shoulders?

Check your answer with that given in the “Answers to Assignments” section at the end of the textbook.

Preparation and conduct of tourist trips are carried out in strict accordance with the “Instructions for organizing and conducting tourist trips, expeditions and excursions (travels) with pupils, pupils and students of the Russian Federation” (approved by order of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR dated July 13, 1992 No. 293 - Appendix 1 ).

This instruction clearly defines the rights and responsibilities of the institution conducting the hike, the leader and members of the group, the procedure for preparing, registering and conducting the hike. The instructions give a complete picture of the actions of the group leader from the beginning of preparation to completion and summing up the results of the trip.

Compliance with the instructions is mandatory for all groups of students, regardless of which institution or organization is the organizer of the tourist event. For violation of instructions, the group leader and his deputy bear disciplinary liability, unless these violations entail other liability provided for by current legislation.

The instructions should not be perceived as a purely formal document. This is not its first edition. It was constantly improved by experienced tourist teachers in order to assist group leaders, streamline the conduct of hikes, and increase the safety of their conduct.

The choice of a hiking area is determined, first of all, by the goal that was determined for this hike, and the tasks, the solution of which will allow this goal to be achieved. In this regard, all trips can be divided into:

educational and training, the purpose of which is to improve tourism skills. This also includes control hikes, readiness reviews as a form of checking the level of preparedness of groups for serious sports hikes;

sports, when the main goal is to fulfill the standards for the “Young Tourist of Russia”, “Tourist of Russia” badges or for sports categories;

local history or educational, the main purpose of which is some kind of local history observation or research, acquaintance with historical, cultural and natural monuments;

expeditions or complex trips, when both sports and local history problems are solved.

However, this division is very arbitrary, since any sports trip with students must have a local history component, and a trip or expedition with a local history focus includes an active part. Therefore, in this division, the main purpose of the trip is taken as a basis, taking into account other components.

The teacher of the course “Fundamentals of Life Safety” will be interested primarily in the features of preparing and conducting training trips. We cannot rule out options for conducting sports trips if the desire of the teacher and students manifests itself during the lessons.

Let's consider the issues of preparing training trips. Let us only note that in many respects the preparation and conduct of other campaigns in technical terms are no different.

Having determined the list of training sessions along the proposed route, we select an area suitable for solving the assigned tasks. If, for example, the task is to practice elements of movement techniques on different terrain, then we need to look for an area with a varied topography and the presence of slopes; To improve your orienteering skills, it is advisable to have an orienteering range, etc., along the route.

It is enough for a teacher to have 2 - 3 developed routes of educational and training trips, on which all practical problems of improving the tourist skills of students can be solved.

Having developed and tested such routes once and made adjustments after the first trips, you can use them annually. At the same time, being well acquainted with the routes, the teacher will focus all his attention on educational issues, and not on constantly monitoring the direction of movement, searching for places to stop and spend the night.

In the process of preparing the trip, the composition of the group is determined. As a rule, everyone who has the opportunity and desire goes on a training trip. When preparing a multi-day hike, in addition to the wishes of the children, their technical and physical preparation, and sometimes also the opinion of the team, are taken into account. Including a member into a group who is in conflict with the entire group is dangerous. It is unknown what situations these relationships may lead to along the route.

After the composition of the group is determined, responsibilities are distributed among all participants in the campaign. Traveling positions will be discussed further. For now, we just note that each member of the group must take part in preparing the trip, even if it’s carrying out one-time simple tasks. Children who are not able to participate in the hike can also be involved in the preparation. Thus, the leader emphasizes the importance and equality of all members of the tourist association, and the children feel involved in the life of the team.

During training sessions, children become familiar with the responsibilities of field positions. Nevertheless, the leader should once again personally talk with everyone about what and how he should do in the process of preparing the trip. After this, a specific preparation plan for the trip is drawn up, which indicates all the activities, specific deadlines, and those responsible for implementation.

How interesting and safe the hike will be depends on how well the children explore the area (even if it is a one-day hike). You need to approach this issue even more responsibly when organizing a multi-day hike. Every child, and not just the guide, must know the features of the terrain, climate, and the history of the area through which the route will be laid. Much information can be obtained from various literature devoted to the description of the geography, history, and culture of a particular area. In this case, of course, one cannot do without topographic maps. But popular literature does not always contain detailed information about a specific route. Such information can be gleaned from reports compiled by groups that have previously walked the same route or part of it. There you can also find recommendations to exclude any complications that happened to your predecessors. Meetings and conversations with tourists who have passed the proposed route will also be useful.

More recent and reliable information - for example, about the schedule of local trains, buses, prices and much more - can be provided by local residents of the intended travel area. To do this, written requests are made to local stations and centers of children's and youth tourism, children's creativity centers, and schools. Employees of these institutions will help resolve issues of overnight accommodation and meals in the locality from which the route begins or ends. Inquiries to the local sanitary-epidemiological station will provide information about areas closed for one reason or another (tularemia, tick-borne encephalitis, etc.) and about contaminated water sources. Local forestry departments, nature reserves and wildlife sanctuaries will inform you about closed (for example, fire hazardous) areas and recommendations for passing through forested areas.

When preparing a hike, it is important to study in detail the possibilities of approaching the starting point of the route and leaving at its completion. Otherwise, the group may lose time and get behind schedule.

On a multi-day hike, the weight of a backpack can be quite large and unbearable for children, so you need to try to reduce its initial and final weight. This can only be done by purchasing some of the products along the route. Therefore, it is important to know whether this is possible. By the way, there is another way to reduce the weight of a backpack - throwing groceries. To do this, some of the products are somehow delivered to the middle or second part of the route. Information about the possibilities of access and purchasing products can also be obtained by making a request.

To plan the route you will need cartographic material. Two-kilometer scale topographic maps are currently commercially available. A map of this scale will serve both for general acquaintance with the hiking area and for plotting the route. For a detailed study of the route, it is advisable to have large-scale or sports maps.

To prepare a route for a sports hike (most often such hikes are carried out far beyond the boundaries of their locality), small-scale maps from 1:200,000 and smaller will be required. They are needed for a general overview of the hiking area, familiarization with communication routes, and hydrography.

Once the hiking area has been determined, we move on to the next stage - choosing a route. First of all, you should determine the starting and ending points of the route, “tying” them to transport routes.

When choosing a route, it is advisable to avoid driving on (or along) roads and railways. This is both dangerous and tiring. It is better to use country roads, trails and clearings. Along the proposed route, places for conducting classes, organizing stops and overnight stays are determined. We have already discussed the organization of overnight and lunch stops in the previous paragraph, but now we will only note that for this purpose, places along the route with sources of potable water and the availability of firewood should be identified.

Having comprehensively studied the area of ​​the upcoming hike, the tourist group develops an approximate route line using a small-scale overview map, based on the general (tabular) parameters of the degree (category) of difficulty of the intended hike, and builds it (the line) along the following key points:

a) the beginning and end of the route, linked to transport capabilities;

b) educational and sporting interests of the group (observation points, etc.);

c) places of expected overnight stays and days;

d) daytime resting places (often combined with points “b”).

Objects (points) of educational interest can be not only museums, memorials, places associated with some historical events (monuments, monuments, burials, etc.), industrial and agricultural enterprises, but also natural objects - a karst sinkhole, a lake , waterfall, grotto, relict grove, etc. Points of sporting interest include such objects as fords, river crossings on treasures and stones, climbing to the top of a hill, mound, to a pass, to a plateau, crossing a swamp, going out on a scree, on a moraine, as well as just forest thickets, rubble, where you will have to move without roads and trails.

For training purposes, sections of the route may be specially provided for where the group will move according to the map or along azimuths, in difficult conditions - through the forest, at dusk, using an inaccurate map, etc.

As a result of the gradual accumulation of information about the chosen hiking area, icons of various shapes or different colors are applied to the overview map (the so-called shirt - tracing paper superimposed on top of the map), indicating point-objects that are in one way or another interesting for passing through them. The route is developed through successive trials - estimates of various route options with a gradual approach to the best option, in which all the most valuable objects - points of cognitive and sporting interests of the group - are drawn on a thread. At the same time, the length of the thread should remain within the limits acceptable for the given category (degree) of difficulty of the hike. The starting and ending points of the route remain unchanged, chosen taking into account ease of access.

It is desirable that the excitement and intensity of the route gradually increase. It is unacceptable that the most technically and physically difficult sections occur in the first days of the hike.

As a first approximation, first those points that the group must visit are selected, and then the most valuable of the remaining ones are added to them.

After the general route has been laid out and accepted, the next stage begins, at which the route is specified, i.e. an exact route of movement is laid out with the definition of planned points of the third and fourth stages and a document called a “campaign schedule” is developed. At this stage of planning a hiking route, a small-scale overview map is no longer suitable; a more detailed one is needed.

The movement schedule and the specific route line are developed sequentially, starting from the first day of the hike - from the starting point. The task comes down, firstly, to calculating working time - the number of walking hours for each day of the trip; secondly, to finding on the map convenient places for overnight stays and daytime lunch stops (water + firewood), thirdly, to plotting movement options on a large-scale map, guided by the WEDGE principle - in short, easier, more interesting.

First, the possible length of the route on the first day of the hike is determined. This depends on the time the group arrives at the starting point of the route and the time the group needs to mark documents, send a telegram, buy bread, visit a museum, etc. That is, it is necessary to resolve the issue of the specific time the group will leave for the route.

Let’s say there is a two-hundred-thousandth map (1:200,000) and it is established that the group on this day can move from 11 to 19 o’clock, with a lunch break from 13 to 16 o’clock. This means that this day will be shortened in terms of movement time, since it is shifted departure time. With this option there are five running clocks. At normal speed (approximately 3 km/h if there are no obstacles), the group will be able to cover about 15 km that day. On the map (on the “shirt”) we mark the initial (starting) point of the hike - C. Having given the legs of the compass a solution slightly less than the path calculated for that day (about one-fifth of the length), we place the needle at point C and draw a small arc distant from C in the direction of the general route. This arc will show us the limit, near which we need to find point H - the place of the first overnight stay. It, of course, must be provided with clean water and fuel. In addition, when choosing point H, it is necessary to take into account all the necessary requirements for organizing a bivouac. It should influence the choice of point H and the location of the nearest (next day) target point - an object of the general route (local history object, convenient crossing, etc.).

We approach the search for the OP point—the lunch stop—with the same requirements. When determining it, it is necessary to take into account the spatio-temporal factor: it must be distant from point C at a distance that the group will have time to travel before lunch. The technology for searching for the OP point is similar to the described process, but now that the two main points of the day have already been identified - C and H, the OP point must be searched near the radius C - H, in accordance with the WEDGE principle.

The development of the route for the second and subsequent days is carried out in the same way. Special problems in route planning (to a second approximation) arise in connection with solving local history and sports problems. In order not to disrupt the working hours of the hike, and not to organize races along the route, it is necessary to calculate in advance the time costs for each such object. If this is a large excursion site, such as a memorial complex-museum, a nature reserve-museum, an industrial enterprise, the inspection of which will take a lot of time, then it is necessary to build a thread and a schedule so that household points are located near them - N or OP, or In general, plan a day near such objects and make a radial exit to them. If these are objects of simple visual observation with a short explanation and photography (for example, a separate monument, a relict plant, a mound, etc.), the inspection of which will not disrupt the daily routine, then the time for visiting them is not specifically planned.

If possible, other necessary time expenditures when moving along the route should also be taken into account in advance and included in the schedule. These include: time spent on orientation (observations, measurements, thinking, reconnaissance), on educational purposes (special classes along the route), on purchasing food along the way. There are also unforeseen circumstances that may also require time. This is worsening weather conditions or illness of one of the participants. On large, complex sports trips, one or two spare days are specially included in the schedule for such unforeseen cases.

The general recommendation when calculating the movement schedule is that more than 3 km per walking hour (40 - 45 minutes of movement) should never be planned (especially for hikes in taiga and mountainous areas); it is better to plan 1.5 - 2 km.

Of course, this route development option is not suitable in any area, but mainly on the plain, where there are many objects and a well-developed road network. In mountainous areas, developing a route practically comes down to choosing a valley through which a river flows and along which there is a road or trail. There, the calculation of places for overnight stays and lunches is done mainly taking into account the relief, the orientation is often rough - gorges on the right and left, peaks, ridges, a river and streams flowing into it.

The same rough orientation will occur when planning a hiking route along a river, since almost always (with the exception of sparsely populated areas) there are either roads or paths on the shore that serve as a means of communication for local residents, fishermen, and hunters.

When calculating walking time, you should take into account the fact that novice tourists spend a lot of time getting ready in the morning, preparing lunch, and setting up camp in the evening. Therefore, you should not plan long day trips for them.

No matter how simple the routes of a multi-day hike may seem, it is advisable to plan day trips after 2 - 3 days, i.e. rest during the day. On the same day you can conduct training sessions, excursions, small radial trips without backpacks.

Thus, starting with the development of the route, we lay the foundations of the hiking tactics, i.e. We determine the most rational and safe path to the final point of the route. The end result is a travel schedule, where sections of the route are laid out by day, their approximate length and estimated travel time are indicated.

Studying the hiking area will help determine the list of personal and public equipment. One of the components of hiking safety is the compliance of personal equipment with the climate and expected weather and the compliance of public equipment with the complexity of the route. At the same time, one should not rely on chance, i.e. that the weather will not bring any surprises. We must count on possible rain, sudden drops in temperature, increased wind, etc. Each participant in the hike must have a complete list of personal equipment and prepare for the hike in accordance with it. Control checks of equipment that leaders carry out a day or two before the trip are justified. Some leaders even prefer to leave children’s backpacks at school or a creative center after checking before leaving. This eliminates the possibility of adding something unnecessary that would weigh down the backpack or laying out the necessary things. During the inspection, the manager notes shortcomings in the children’s equipment, and before leaving, each of them reports on their elimination. This way you can eliminate annoying mistakes that are costly when away from home.

Public equipment is assembled from what is available in the institution, and, if necessary, something is purchased or rented. Children can make some items of public equipment themselves or with the help of their parents.

For any tourist event it is necessary to prepare documents. First of all, the head and his deputy are appointed by the administration of the institution conducting the trip. The order also determines the size of the group, the timing of the trip, and the route. The same order places responsibility on the head and his deputy for the life and health of children and the safety of the event, for the implementation of its plan, for the content of recreational, educational and educational work, for compliance with fire safety rules, nature protection, historical and cultural monuments. When making a weekend hike or excursion, the group leader is given an itinerary sheet of the established form, certified by the leader’s signature and the seal of the institution.

When completing a category route (as well as hikes of I - III degrees of difficulty in the off-season), the group leader submits application documents to the route qualification commission (RQC), which is authorized to consider the route of this difficulty category. The IWC is an expert public body created to provide qualified assistance to the leaders of tourist groups in preparing trips. Members of the ICC are experienced tourists who know the hiking areas well, and check the leader’s knowledge of the hiking area, the route and its dangerous sections, how to overcome them, and emergency exit options in case of unforeseen circumstances. They evaluate the compliance of the declared equipment with the degree of difficulty of the route. Based on the results of the interview with the group leader, the ICC members give a positive conclusion, make recommendations aimed at more thorough preparation, or speak out in favor of prohibiting the group from going on the declared route. The group may be assigned a readiness review in order to verify on the ground that all members of the group are prepared to complete this route. All this is carried out with one goal - to maximize the safety of the hike, because no one will advise the leader on the route.

In case of a positive conclusion by the ICC, the group is registered and given a route book, in which all information about the group and its route is entered. No later than 10 days before departure to the starting point of the hike, the leader is obliged to inform the search and rescue service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations (PSS) in the prescribed form the route of the hike, checkpoints and the timing of their passage, and the composition of the group.

Carrying out any tourism event requires financial costs. Therefore, during the preparation period for the trip, it is necessary to draw up an estimate of the costs of its implementation. As soon as the initial data is determined: the hiking area, the number of participants in the group, you can begin to calculate the estimate. This will require some information that the hikers receive in the process of becoming familiar with the hike area and the specific route. First of all, the cost of travel to the starting point of the route and from the end point to home, intra-route transfers, the cost of accommodation (if it is planned in populated areas), approximate prices for basic products that are supposed to be purchased on the route are determined. In the process of creating a menu and calculating the required amount of food, the approximate cost of food per day is determined. When preparing group equipment, it becomes clear what needs to be purchased and what to rent. All this information will be useful when drawing up estimates.

It should be noted that the amount of unforeseen expenses directly depends on the degree of knowledge of the entire process of the campaign (Table 1). That is, the better all the issues of conducting a hike are studied, all possible costs are taken into account, the smaller the planned amount of unforeseen expenses.

If the event is financed by the institution sending the group on a hike, the order approves the cost estimate (Table 1). It is necessary to include items financed by the institution, adding per diem payments to the manager and his deputy to the types of expenses. If you follow Appendix 1 to the order of the Ministry of Education of Russia dated March 29, 1993 No. 113 “The procedure and conditions for attracting teaching and other workers to work in health camps, summer health preschool institutions for conducting tourist trips, expeditions, excursions and remuneration for their labor” (see . appendix 2 at the end of this manual), then the salary of managers is also included in the estimate.

In addition, during the preparation period for the trip, all group members undergo medical control; calculation, purchase and packaging of food products is carried out.

Summing up the results of the campaign has great pedagogical value. On any trip, children learn something. Evaluating their actions, making comments and suggestions for correcting shortcomings means outlining ways for further improvement of each group member. Children see their importance in assessing everyone’s actions, praising them for good work, and helping the team. This helps in developing their life position, desire to continue to benefit their team (tourist group).

After a one-day hike, a debriefing of the participants’ actions can be carried out at the next lesson, but in a multi-day hike, it is advisable to debrief every day, in the evening, when the group has had dinner and prepared for bed. Conversation encourages children to be sincere. First, brief reports from the participants in the campaign are heard on their marching positions, then all members of the group are invited to give their assessment of everyone’s actions, their suggestions and comments. The role of the manager is to create a business-like, constructive atmosphere of conversation and to prevent altercations.

The results are summed up by the commander and group leader. The leader, if he considers it necessary, can explain to the children the reason for making a particular decision. This will be another learning moment.

In some groups, children evaluate the actions of the leader. Is this true? Imagine a small military unit and soldiers discussing the actions of their commander. Will such a unit be combat-ready?

After completing the hike, each member of the group submits a brief written report on the performance of duties for the position assigned to him for this hike. At the general meeting, there is a final discussion of the results of the work of each group member and the group as a whole. It is important that all children know the assessment of their participation in the trip.

After this, it is necessary to process the materials collected during the trip, if any observations or research were carried out; prepare materials for a written report on the campaign (if the IWC has offered to do one).

It is important for children to tell their friends, teachers, and parents about their trip. This can be done by preparing a photo newspaper or organizing an evening where young tourists will talk about their impressions and the trip.

At the very first lessons after the hike, children put the group equipment in order, dry and repair it and hand it over to the leader or person responsible for storage, and return the rental items.

In the case of financing a trip by an institution, the director is obliged to submit a financial report within three days in accordance with the requirements of the “Instructions on the procedure for accounting for funds and reporting on multi-day tourist trips, excursions, expeditions and tourist camps for students” (Letter of the Ministry of Education of Russia dated June 10, 1997 No. 21-54-33 IN, agreed with the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation by letter dated April 15, 1997 No. 3-E2-8).

What needs to be done to avoid extreme situations in natural conditions? Knowledgeable people say that for this, first of all, it is necessary: ​​1) to properly prepare for the trip; 2) follow the rules of safe behavior in natural conditions. Let's look at these questions using the example of a schoolchildren's camping trip.

Tourists are usually prepared for an autonomous existence. For them this is a normal phenomenon, they do it consciously. They are systematically preparing for life away from populated areas, preparing their own food, and providing first aid.

Preparing for the hike

Every year thousands of schoolchildren go on hikes and expeditions. They are accompanied by teachers or leaders of tourist clubs.

Tourists really know and imagine the difficulties of camping life and prepare in advance to overcome them. There are instructions that define the responsibilities of the leader and members of the group during the preparation and conduct of the trip, to prevent extreme situations. The main task when preparing and conducting a hike is to ensure safety.

Don't think that hiking is all fun. Hiking can be difficult, cold, and too hot.

A tourist group of schoolchildren must be led by two adults: the group leader and his deputy. If something happens to the leader during the trip, his deputy will take his place.

The group leader is appointed from among experienced tourists. He is responsible for the life and health of group members. Therefore he has absolute power, like the captain of a ship.

Both multi-day, complex hikes and one- or two-day hikes require preparation. Preparation involves determining the goals and objectives of the hike, developing a route, purchasing food, preparing public equipment (tents, cooking utensils) and personal equipment.

It takes a lot of time to prepare for a multi-day hike. Since multi-day hikes are often carried out far from home, from populated areas, it is necessary to carefully develop a route and become familiar with the climatic conditions of the travel area. Taking into account the developed route, climate and terrain, the group selects the necessary equipment and purchases food.

In the interests of safety, it is advisable to distribute food and equipment so that each member of the group has the most necessary things in an extreme situation: matches, some food, personal utensils for cooking (for example, an iron mug), and a knife.

After developing the route, the leader of the hike submits it to the route-qualification commission, whose members are the most experienced tourists who know the area chosen for the hike well. They check the correctness of the route development, alternate exit options in case of unforeseen circumstances, the suitability of equipment, and give advice and consultation.

The leader is obliged to inform the search and rescue service of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief of the area where the trek will take place about the route and the timing of its passage. Search and rescue services operate in all regions, territories, and republics of Russia. Messages are sent to them so that they can quickly provide assistance to the group if it does not return from the trip on time or gives a signal about the extreme situation in which it finds itself.

Here is one example from newspaper reports (Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 1997. September 3):

“A distress signal was received late in the evening from a group of tourists traveling along the spurs of the Yegosh mountain range. An 18-year-old student at the Sochi Polytechnic College, Zhenya Gorbunova, began to experience severe abdominal pain. Within an hour, a Sietsavia helicopter was in the air with five rescuers on board. It was not possible to find the group in the darkness, and then the guys decided to parachute. This was the most dramatic stage of the operation: in rainy and windy weather, descending a rope from a height of 30 meters is not at all easy. But the boys, one after another, slipped into the darkness. During the night they found the tourists, reported their exact coordinates, and provided first aid to the sick girl. And already in the morning, on the second helicopter flight, the victim was taken to Sochi and hospitalized...”

Finally, the route was developed and checked, equipment and food were prepared, and the local search and rescue service was notified. But even after careful preparation, the group is not immune from extreme situations.

Rules for safe behavior in nature

Tourists have clear rules of behavior on the route, at a rest stop, and when overcoming obstacles. These rules are aimed at ensuring safety.

Remember: you need to be disciplined while hiking, because most extreme situations in nature arise due to the lack of discipline of the participants.

During the movement, group members walk in a column one at a time. The leader or navigator of the group can go in front as a guide, and the trailing one can go behind. He has a responsible task: to ensure that the column does not stretch and that no one lags behind. If suddenly something happens to one of the participants, then the leader decides whether to stop the entire group or stop with this participant to troubleshoot the problem. But in any case, he first reports this to the manager.

Remember: on the route or at a rest stop, under no circumstances should you leave the group.

You need to be especially careful when driving through difficult terrain. You can slip on a steep mountain slope, on wet stones on the bank of a mountain river, while crossing it, stumble while moving through a swamp, or simply trip over a fallen tree or branch in thick grass.

The last kilometers of the day's journey are dangerous. Fatigue accumulates and attention decreases.

The group always has a designated member responsible for providing first aid. All members of the group must be able to provide it, but the person assigned to this position keeps a first aid kit. It is generally accepted among tourists that the hike was successful if medications and dressings were not required.

Remember: if you are careful and careful, you will not need medications.

You have to be careful around the fire, you can’t drink raw water... How do you remember what’s allowed and what’s not? It’s very simple - they’ll talk about it in the tourism club classes and teach you everything: pitch a tent, make a fire, cook food, navigate the terrain, provide first aid, and tie special tourist knots (see Appendix 3).

On the route and at a rest stop, real tourists treat the surrounding nature with care, trying to disturb its harmony as little as possible.

Remember: we are guests of nature and must behave decently.

Tent poles do not need to be cut down from living trees at each stop; it is better to take collapsible, lightweight ones from home. Gone are the cut-out flyers and crossbars for hanging buckets over the fire: tourists now carry with them a lightweight, collapsible taganka or rope. It’s tempting to put fluffy spruce branches under your tent, but it’s better to take an insulating mat with you.

Tourists have this rule: if someone goes on reconnaissance, they determine the route in advance and set a control time to which they must return. If this time has expired and those who went on reconnaissance have not returned, search work begins.

When going to an unfamiliar forest, ask local residents about the area and routes. If there is a detailed map of the area, study it. It’s better to go into an unfamiliar forest with local kids, and even more reliably, with one of the adults. When leaving, you need to inform your parents or one of the adults about this.

When leaving a populated area, you need to determine the direction of the roads leading from it. Find out what landmarks limit the area of ​​the forest you are going to.

Tourists and orienteers participating in competitions have the concept of “range boundaries.” These are linear landmarks (roads, clearings, forest boundaries, power lines) that cannot be crossed.

Just in case, competition participants are informed of the procedure to follow in case of loss of orientation. This is done so that if a participant loses orientation, he does not go far from the competition area, but goes out in a certain direction to a clearly visible linear landmark and then goes to the gathering place. Let's consider this using the example of the competition area shown in the diagram near the village of Drovyanaya.

The boundaries of the landfill: from the north - the Andoga River and a ravine with a drying up stream, from the east - the Andoga and Stacha rivers, from the south - the Stacha River, from the west - the railway and the road from the village of Drovyanoy to the railway.

If you lose your bearings, you need to go west to the railway and then walk along it to the village.

“How I scolded myself for not taking matches with me. I mentally promised myself that in the future I would not leave the bivouac even a few meters without them,” these are the words of the famous Russian explorer of the Far East V. Arsenyev, who found himself far from his camp in bad weather.

While walking, you need to remember the main direction of movement, some clearly visible objects by which you can determine your location (they are called landmarks), forks in paths, intersections of roads, and characteristic features of the terrain. When picking mushrooms or berries with someone, try not to lose sight of each other.

Sometimes in literature you can find advice: when entering an unfamiliar forest, mark your path with notches on the trees. Imagine what the forest will turn into if everyone entering it starts making notches or breaking branches! This should only be done as a last resort, in an extreme situation, but we’ll talk about that later.