Product life cycle and innovation

Most products that are able to satisfy the existing needs of many customers, with the implementation of a single correct solution, which is selected from many options. The changing level of demand for any product determines changes in sales volumes and profit generation over time. From a demand point of view, goods and services have their own natural life cycle, which consists of stages (phases): introduction, growth, maturity, saturation, decline. The concept of the product life cycle considers the dynamics of its competitive presence in the market. Regarding production, the life cycle of a product covers the period from its inception, the beginning of its industrial development, increase in output, stabilization, decline in output to the complete cessation of production. Thus, the life cycle of a product is a set of interconnected processes of creation and sequential changes in its state from the formation of emerging market requirements to the end of operation or consumption.

Increasing competition forces enterprises to pursue an active product policy, which takes into account the conditions of the market environment and technological progress. The concept of the product life cycle clearly shows that, regardless of success in the market, any product inevitably leaves the market after a certain time. In this regard, enterprises are forced to constantly carry out innovative activities, carry out a range of work with the preparation and release of new products or the provision of new types of services.

Competition forces independent firms to be interested in updating products, which necessitates market selection of competing innovations. It is known that economic life is based on innovative processes and their implementation in new products and new technology. The innovation process represents the preparation and implementation of constructive changes and consists of interconnected phases that create a single, complex whole. The result of such a process is change - an innovation that is implemented and used. With the increasing globalization of product markets, the requirements for products manufactured in different countries have increased significantly from consumers and intermediaries who would like to be confident in their quality. The likelihood that the created product will meet consumer requirements increases if the enterprise has an effective system for ensuring the quality of products or services. These circumstances have led to the inclusion in commercial contracts for the supply of products, along with traditional indicators, of requirements for quality systems and their verification by the supplier. This approach forces us to consider the product life cycle from the perspective of ensuring its competitiveness at 12 stages, starting from the marketing stage and ending with disposal.

The life cycle of a product covers the following stages: 1) marketing, searches and market research (it is necessary to establish what products the consumer needs, of what quality and at what price; 2) design and (or) development of technical requirements, product development (design preparation for production, designer establishes the possibility of manufacturing products, materials and estimated price); 3) logistics; 4) preparation and development of production processes (technological preparation of production); 5) production; 6) control, testing and inspection; 7) packaging and preservation; 8) sales and distribution of products; 9) installation and operation; 10) technical assistance in maintenance; 11) after-sales service; 12) disposal after use.

A new product may be an innovation or modification of an existing product that the consumer considers significant. The advantages of a new product are determined by its unique properties, which distinguish it from products similar in purpose. The uniqueness of the properties of a product is characterized by the degree to which it embodies the functional parameters desired by the consumer and the quality of execution. For the commercial success of a new product, it is important that consumers have timely information about its characteristics. For the manufacturer, it is no less important to determine the timing of the start of modernization or design and the development of new products. The answer to these questions depends on the level of organization of a complex of interrelated works that cover the entire cycle of creation and development of products.

To develop and introduce into production a new product means to implement knowledge, a new idea in a material product that satisfies certain consumer needs. Materialization of knowledge and ideas will require a significant investment of time and financial resources. Market competition initiates an increase in the level of product novelty and the frequency of changes in its models, which, in turn, increases the need for investment in design and production. For example, only the costs of manufacturing a new product in the first year of its production are twice or more than the costs of the fifth year of production.

Therefore, it is important to ensure such a choice of the optimal period for changing product models so that the total costs of development and implementation in production, as well as the costs of demolition, are minimal, and the level of their economic efficiency is maximum. From the perspective of the time factor, the product life cycle covers the period from the beginning of the development of a new product, its further development, production and discontinuation.

Integrated production preparation system

At machine-building enterprises, the processes of creating and mastering the production of new products form a system of comprehensive production preparation, as an unknown part of the production process. Integrated production preparation is a set of interrelated marketing and scientific research, technical, technological and organizational solutions aimed at finding, through research, new opportunities to satisfy consumer needs for specific types of products or providing existing ones with the necessary functional properties; creation of new, modernization of existing equipment designs, consumer properties of goods, technological processes, methods of organizing and managing production, including the stages of operation and disposal of these products; ensuring the competitiveness of new products.

Comprehensive production preparation should be considered from the perspective of a systems approach. A systematic approach, due to the interaction of parts or elements that are part of the complex, ensures strengthening of its function aimed at achieving the goal and obtaining the effect. The integrated production preparation system covers certain interrelated stages of the life cycle of a new product: 1) research and development work; 2) development work; 3) design preparation for production; 4) technological preparation of production; 5) organizational preparation of production; 6) development of a new product in industrial production.

Research training subsystem

Covers work with comprehensive research of the market, buyers and competitors; study of foreign patent information; the search is underway (inventing) a new product; commercial analysis, evaluation and selection of ideas; development of the concept of a product of market novelty and determination of its competitiveness; creation of advanced, perfect, simplified product designs; conquering a piece of the market. The organization of this phase of production preparation at the enterprise is based on the marketing service. Research and development work on specific products can be carried out by relevant research departments and enterprises or specialized scientific and technical organizations.

The production preparation subsystem covers a set of processes of design, technical, technological and organizational nature, aimed at developing design documentation and mastering the production of new types of competitive products.

The main tasks of technical preparation of production include: creating a set of drawings of new products using the results of research work, ensuring functionality and a given level of quality of the design object; the use of advanced technological processes for the manufacture of new products; reducing the duration of the design-manufacturing production cycle; saving labor, material and financial resources; prompt response to changing consumer needs; preparation of all organizational and technical measures for the rhythmic and highly productive functioning of production.

All stages of complex production preparation require comprehensive information preparation, environmental preparation, as well as economic justification, thanks to which the divisions that carry out work on the creation and development of the production of a new product interact systematically and effectively to achieve the goal of satisfying consumers and making a profit.

Each stage of scientific and technical preparation of production is divided into certain stages, and the stages, in turn, into separate works.

The system for developing and mastering the production of new products depends on the range and technical level of the products that are produced; frequency and depth of changes in their design; the complexity of the technology that is used; technical level of equipment; material support; organization of labor and production; personnel qualifications, their motivation, etc. Enterprises of different industries have certain technical, technological, organizational and economic specifics, therefore each of them forms its own system of comprehensive production preparation, which provides for a certain composition of work and the order of its implementation within the product life cycle.

Organization of pre-production work

The process of manufacturing and development of new products has a number of features that must be taken into account during its organization: complexity, increasing complexity and scale of scientific research on objects that are being developed, the probable nature of the pre-production processes, which is determined by novelty, the degree of objectivity of the initial information and the uncertainty of the final results; uniqueness and dynamism of research and development work; human factor.

A large number of divisions of the enterprise take part in the scientific and technical preparation of the production of new products. According to the functions that are used, they are grouped into thematic, functional-thematic, production, service units, as well as functional management services.

Business in the scientific and technical field is always associated with risk in obtaining the expected scientific, technical and financial results. This influences the nature of innovative activity. The risky nature of the work is determined by the competition for the consumer.

In the system of creation and development of new types of goods and products, the following firms belong to the sphere of venture entrepreneurship: experienced ones, whose activities extend to the research and development stage; implemented, which specialize in the practical development of scientific and technical developments; servicing (service) specialists who specialize in technical maintenance of news; expert (analytical, advisory) who perform audit work, consult and provide other types of services.

Task No. 1

Determine the production task for the packaging department, if the caramel shop has 3 production lines, the capacity of each line is 6 tons of products per shift. Returnable waste for caramel wrapping is 2%. Packaging is carried out in packs of 10 kg.

1).Calculation of the production line task per shift:

Calculated using the formula:

Vp.l.= pp*rs-(pp*rs)*Cat, Where

Vp.l. - task of the production line,

Pp - number of production lines,

rs - line power per shift,

Cat - returnable waste

Vp.l.=3*6 - (3*6)*2%=18-0.36=17.64 (t)

2). Calculation of packs per shift:

17.64t=17640 kg

Mk - pack weight = 10 kg

17640/10=1764 (pieces) production task for the packaging department.

Answer: 1764 packs need to be packed by the packaging department.

Task No. 2

Determine the rhythmicity coefficient provided:

production according to plan - 470,480,450,470, pcs. Actual production output - 470,460,450,460 pcs.

Let's calculate the rhythmicity coefficient using the formula:

Critm=Afact / Aplan*100%

1). Crit = 470/470*100% = 100% no deviations from the plan

2). Crit = 460/480*100%=0.96*100%=96% 4% plan not met

3). Critm=450/450*100%=100% production is going according to plan

4). Crit = 460/470 * 100% = 0.98 * 100% = 98% deviation from the plan by 2%

Answer: 100%, 96%, 100%, 98%. There are small deviations from the plan, you need to monitor the work of the workshop and eliminate the deviations.

6.1. The structure of the cycle of creation and development of new products. The life cycle of a product (product) and the place in it of scientific and technical preparation of production

One of the main factors for the success of an enterprise in market conditions is the continuous updating of goods and production technology, in other words, the creation, development, testing in market conditions, and the development of production of new products.

New products, created on the basis of new ideas, research and technological advances, ensure concrete success in the sales markets. The concept of the R&D-production cycle implies a close relationship between scientific research and its industrial development. The full range of work on the creation and development of new products is shown in Fig. 6.1.

The place of scientific and technical preparation of production in the life cycle of goods is shown in Fig. 6.2.

Rice. 6.1. A set of works to create and develop new products

Rice. 6.2. The life cycle of a product and the place in it of scientific and technical preparation of production

All work included in the production preparation system (PPS) is unthinkable without information support and economic development. Economic development must be carried out at each stage of the SPP. This is all the more important because if the results significantly exceed the initial estimates and require an increase in pre-planned costs, the idea of ​​​​creating a new product can be abandoned and the company’s losses can be prevented.

Economic development and analysis are more important in the early stages of product creation (R&D). It is at these stages that the foundations for the efficiency and effectiveness of a new product are laid. The influence of the production preparation system on the formation of the final effect of the development, production and operation of a new product is shown in Fig. 6.3.

Rice. 6.3. The influence of the production preparation system on the formation of the final effect of the development and use of a new product

The successful implementation of such a complex problem as the creation and development of a new product is impossible without the use of a systematic approach, which is based on an integrated solution of the work and tasks included in the problem, involves goal setting, requires identifying the content of input and output information flows, establishing optimization criteria, forecasting, modeling.

Optimization criteria systems for creating and developing a new product are established depending on the goals and objectives of the company. In particular, they may be:

Technical level of the product;
- terms of creation and development;
- increase in production volumes;
- increase in product range;
- reduction of costs during production preparation and production;
- reduction of costs during product operation.

An approximate structuring of the problem of creating and developing new products is shown in Fig. 6.4.

Rice. 6.4. Approximate structuring of the problem of creating and developing new products

6.2. Reducing the time required to create and develop new products. Objectives and methods

In the ever-increasing instability of market conditions, the timing of the creation and development of new products is extremely important (and, as a rule, decisive) in the activities of the company. Late introduction of a new product to the market compared to competitors makes the efforts and costs of its creation and development in vain, i.e. leads to irreparable losses, sometimes leading to bankruptcy.

Therefore, reducing the time required for the creation and development of new products (NPP + TNPP + OP) is a central task, which is achieved by reducing the duration of the stages of SPP and increasing the degree of their parallelism. The main tasks and methods for reducing the time required for the creation and development of new products are given in Table. 6.1.

Table 6.1

Objectives and methods of reducing the time required to create and develop new products

6.3. Planning the creation and development of new products. Network planning and management

The process of creating and developing new products, like any other complex process, consisting of many stages and stages performed by various departments of the company, must be carefully coordinated and time-bound.

Requirements for planning and control systems:

Assessment of the current situation;
- forecasting the development of events;
- development of solution options and selection of the optimal course of action for production preparation;
- control of work performance, coordination and regulation.

The production preparation schedule as an element of the planning and management system and at the same time as a model of the cycle of creation and development of new goods should reflect the work that is essential in relation to achieving the final goals (stages, phases, etc.). He must also take into account the possible states of the complex of relevant works, the deadlines for their completion, possible violations of these deadlines and the consequences of violations.

The simplest planning methods suggest the use of models such as strip graphs (Fig. 6.5).

Rice. 6.5. Enlarged strip chart of OCD

Linear graphs are still used today for relatively simple production planning objects. However, they have a number of significant disadvantages:

They do not show the relationship between individual works, which makes it difficult to assess the significance of each individual work for achieving intermediate and final goals;
- do not reflect the dynamism of developments;
- do not allow periodic adjustments to the schedule due to changes in work deadlines;
- do not provide clear points of combination and interface of adjacent stages;
- do not allow the use of a mathematically based calculation of the implementation of the planned set of works;
- do not provide the opportunity to optimize the use of available resources and the timing of development as a whole.

Network planning and management

Planning and managing a set of works is a complex and, as a rule, contradictory task.

The assessment of the time and cost parameters of the functioning of the system, carried out within the framework of this task, can be made by different methods. Among the existing ones, the method of network planning and management (NPC) has proven itself well.

The main planning document in the SPU system is a network diagram (network model or network), which is an information-dynamic model that reflects the relationships and results of all the work necessary to achieve the final development goal.

The simplest single-purpose network model on a small set of works is shown in Fig. 6.6.

Rice. 6.6. An example of a network diagram for a small set of works

The network model is depicted as a network diagram (network) consisting of arrows and circles.

Arrows on the network represent individual works, and circles represent events. The expected completion time for the work is indicated above the arrows.

The stages of development and management of work progress using a network diagram have the following sequence of main operations:

1) compiling a list of all actions and intermediate results (events) when performing a set of works and their graphical reflection;
2) estimating the time it takes to complete each job, and then calculating the network schedule to determine the time frame for achieving the goal;
3) optimization of the calculated deadlines and necessary costs;
4) operational management of the progress of work through periodic monitoring and analysis of information received on the completion of tasks and the development of corrective decisions.

WORK is any processes (actions) leading to the achievement of certain results (events). The concept of "work" can have the following meanings:

a) actual work - work that requires time and resources;
b) waiting - a process that requires only time (drying, aging, relaxation, etc.);
c) fictitious work, or dependence, is an image of a logical connection between works (depicted by a dotted arrow, above which no time is indicated or a zero is indicated).

EVENTS (except for the initial one) are the results of work performed. An event is not a process and has no duration. The occurrence of an event corresponds to the moment of the beginning or end of work (the moment of formation of a certain state of the system).

An event in the network model can have the following meanings:

a) initiating event - the beginning of a set of works;
b) the final event - achieving the final goal of the work package;
c) an intermediate event or simply an event - the result of one or more works included in it;
d) boundary event - an event that is common to two or more primary or private networks.

An event for work can have the following meanings:

1) the initial event, which is immediately followed by this work;
2) the final event, which is immediately preceded by this work.

A PATH is any sequence of operations in a network in which the final event of each operation of this sequence coincides with the initial event of the operation following it.

The path (L) from the initial to the final event is called complete.

The path from the initial event to this intermediate event is called the path preceding this event.

The path connecting any two events i and j, neither of which is the initial or final one, is called the path between these events.

Network model parameters

The main parameters of the network model include:

a) critical path;
b) event time reserves;
c) travel and work time reserves.

The critical path is the longest path in the network diagram (L cr.).

Changing the duration of any activity on the critical path changes the timing of the final event accordingly.

When planning a set of works, the critical path allows you to find the date of occurrence of the final event. In the process of managing the progress of a set of works, the attention of managers is focused on the main direction - on the work of the critical path. This allows for the most expedient and efficient control of a limited number of works that affect the development period, as well as better use of available resources.

Event time reserve- this is such a period of time by which the occurrence of this event can be delayed without violating the deadlines for completing the complex of works as a whole. The slack time of an event is defined as the difference between the late Tpi and early Tpi dates for the occurrence of the event:

Latest of acceptable deadlines Tpi is such a period of occurrence of an event, exceeding which will cause a similar delay in the onset of the final event, that is, if the event occurred at the moment Tpi, it fell into the critical zone and the work following it should be under the same control as the work of the critical path.

Earliest possible date the occurrence of the event T pi is the period required to complete all work preceding this event. This time is found by choosing the maximum value from the duration of all paths leading to this event.

The rule for determining T r and T p for any network event:

T r and T p of the event are determined by the maximum of the paths L max passing through this event, and T r is equal to the duration of the maximum of the paths preceding the given event, and T p is the difference between the duration of the critical path Lcr and the maximum of the paths following the given event , that is

;

where C and is the initial event;
S z - the final event.

Zero event slack. For these events, the acceptable time is the shortest expected time. The initial (C i) and final (C z) events also have zero slack time.

Thus, the simplest and most convenient way to identify the critical path is to identify all sequential events with zero slack.

Reserve time for paths and work

Full travel time reserve R( L i) is the difference between the length of the critical path t( L cr) and the length of the path under consideration t( L i):

R(L i) = t(L cr) - t(L i).

It shows how much the total duration of all jobs belonging to the path can be increased L i, that is, the maximum permissible increase in the duration of this path. The full travel time reserve can be distributed among individual jobs along the way.

Full operating time reserve R nij is the maximum period of time by which the duration of a given job can be increased without changing the duration of the critical path:

,

Where t ij- duration of work;
ij - the initial and final event of this work;
T ni and T pi are the late and early dates of events j and i, respectively.

Dependent operating time reserve

Since travel time reserve L i can be used to increase the cycle of work located on this path, we can say that any of the work along the path L i in its section that does not coincide with the critical path, it has a reserve of time. But this reserve has a special feature:

if we use it partially or entirely to increase the cycle t(i,j) of any job (i,j), then the time reserve for the remaining jobs decreases accordingly L i. Therefore, such a travel time reserve on which it is located is called a dependent operating time reserve (i, j) and is denoted by .

Independent operating time reserve

In addition to the dependent time reserve, individual jobs may also have an independent time reserve, denoted by . It is formed in the case when the cycles of work (i, j) are less than the difference between the earliest possible deadline for the completion of the event j immediately following this work and the latest possible deadline for the completion of the immediately preceding event i:

Free operating time reserve () is the difference between the early dates of events i and j minus the operating duration t(i,j):

.

Free work time reserve is the maximum period of time by which the duration can be increased or its start delayed without changing the early dates of subsequent work, provided that the initial event of this work has occurred at its earliest date.

Possibility of shifting deadlines The beginning and end of each work is determined using the early and late dates of the events between which this work is performed:

Early start date;
- late start date ;
- early completion date ;
- late work completion date.

Network model analysis and optimization

The initially developed network model is usually not the best in terms of work completion time and resource use. Therefore, the original network model is analyzed and optimized according to one of its parameters.

The analysis allows us to assess the feasibility of the model structure, determine the degree of complexity of each work, and the workload of the work performers at all stages of the work package.

The relative difficulty of meeting deadlines for completing work on non-critical paths is characterized by the work intensity coefficient:

,

where is the duration of the maximum path passing through this work;
- the duration of the segment of this path that coincides with the critical path;
- duration of the critical path.

The higher the tension coefficient, the more difficult it is to complete the work on time.

Using the concept of “travel time reserve”, it can be defined as follows:

.

It is necessary to keep in mind that the reserve time R(L i) of the path L i can be distributed among individual jobs located on the specified path only within the dependent time reserves of these jobs.

The value of the tension coefficient for different works in the network lies within 0Ј<1.

For all jobs, the critical path is equal to one. The value of the tension coefficient helps, when establishing planned deadlines for the completion of work, to assess how freely the available time reserves can be used. This coefficient gives the work performers an idea of ​​the degree of urgency of the work and allows them to determine the order of their implementation if they are not determined by the technological connections of the work.

To analyze the network model, the coefficient of freedom (i, j) is used, which shows the degree of freedom or independence of work cycles that have a free time reserve, and also shows how many times the work duration t(i, j) can be increased without affecting the completion time all events and other network operations:

.

In this case (i, j)>1 always. If (i, j) Ј 1, then this indicates that job (i, j) has no independent slack time.

Optimization of network models according to one of its parameters can be carried out graphically or analytically. When solving the problem of optimizing a network model, they usually calculate the minimum duration of a set of works subject to restrictions on the resources used.

Optimization of the network model, carried out by the analytical method, lies in the fact that it is based on the pattern in which the time to complete any work (t) is directly proportional to its volume (Q) and inversely proportional to the number of performers (m) employed in this work:

The time required to complete the entire set of works is determined as the sum of the durations of the component works:

.

However, the total time calculated in this way will not be minimal, even if the number of performers corresponds to the complexity of the stages.

The minimum time for a set of sequentially performed works and other types of fragments of network models can be found by the method of conditionally equivalent labor intensity.

Conditionally equivalent labor intensity is understood as such a value of labor costs at which the number of performers of an equivalent specialty is distributed among the component works, ensuring the shortest time for their execution.

Conditionally equivalent labor intensity is determined by the formula:

,

where is the labor intensity of the preceding and subsequent work.

The minimum time for completing work will be ensured with the following distribution of workers across stages:

, ,

where is the total number of workers at certain stages.

Graphical method for optimizing a network model - "time-cost"

The time-cost method is to establish the optimal relationship between the duration and cost of work.

Determination of the costs and resources required to complete each job is made after the development of the network schedule.

Thus, material and labor resources are planned based on the overall network structure created by forecasting time estimates.

Rice. 6.7. Time-cost chart

To construct time-cost graphs (Fig. 6.7), for each job the following is specified:

Minimum possible monetary costs for completing the work (provided the work is completed in normal time);
- the minimum possible time to complete the work at maximum monetary costs.

When determining the first pair of estimates, the emphasis is on maximum cost reduction, and when determining the second, on maximum time reduction.

It is possible to approximately determine the amount of additional costs necessary to reduce the time required to complete the work, or to solve the inverse problem using a graph with an approximating straight line. The amount of additional cash costs required to complete the work in a reduced time will be

.

For each type of work, its own graph is calculated and constructed, characterized by the slope of the approximating straight line.

Using the linear cost-time relationship for each type of work, you can calculate the coefficient of increase in costs per unit of time:

.

The economic efficiency of the implementation of SPU is determined primarily by the possibilities of reducing the overall cycle of work and reducing costs through a more rational use of labor, material and financial resources.

Reducing the duration of a set of works ensures a reduction in the payback period of investments, an earlier introduction of goods to the market, which contributes to the competitive success of the company.

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

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The creation of a new product is a complex of interrelated works on the scientific, technical and economic justification of the concept of a new product, its design and production development. In Fig. Figure 2.3 shows the structure of a typical innovation process for creating a new product.

Fig.2.3. Structure of the innovation process of creating new products

There are four main phases of creating a new product:

1) research phase, or development of a product concept;

2) planning the creation of a product;

3) product design;

4) mastering the production of a new product and promoting it to the market.

On first phase information is collected and analyzed on the technical characteristics of products available on the market, scientific and technical capabilities and limitations in the development of the designed product, demand for new products is predicted, the innovative potential of the enterprise and the impact of the product on the environment are assessed. The main methods of such analytical research are methods of innovative marketing and scientific and technical forecasting. The result of the first phase of creating a new product is a product concept containing the requirements for a new product, a feasibility study of the idea of ​​​​creating it and conclusions about the economic feasibility and technical feasibility of creating a new product.

Second phase involves planning the creation of new products in two directions:

1) determining the prospects for the development of the product market;

2) drawing up a work program to create a new product.

During the planning process, the market capacity, investment requirements for the project and the financial consequences of introducing a new product to the market are established, all types of work to create new products are mutually linked and their rational sequence is established. In addition, product planning includes market testing, or trial sales, of new products to confirm or refute the validity of the new concept, as well as to clarify consumer preferences regarding the quality, price and functionality of the proposed product. The main form of product planning is a calendar schedule developed for each type of product, the creation and development of which is provided for by the enterprise development strategy.

The schedule ensures the correct distribution of the total amount of work across calendar periods, determination of the appropriate sequence of completion of the various stages of work, and uniform loading of the departments involved in the creation of a new product.

On third phase In the process of creating a new product, detailed engineering study of the new product is carried out. It includes the entire range of works on design and technological preparation of production: carrying out experimental design work, developing the technological process of a new product, designing and manufacturing means of technological equipment for the production process, etc. The main task of this phase is the preparation of working documentation for the industrial production and operation of a new product . At this stage, the product concept is translated into a working model - a working prototype, the testing of which makes it possible to make the necessary clarifications in the design documentation and eliminate shortcomings.

Fourth phase The creation of new products involves carrying out a set of works on organizational preparation of production and development of a new product.

Organizational preparation is aimed at developing and implementing a project for organizing the production process of manufacturing a new product, a system for organizing and remunerating labor, and material support in order to create the necessary conditions for the accelerated development of new products. The production of a new product begins with the release of an installation series, which is produced according to serial production documentation in order to confirm the readiness of production to produce products in specified volumes and with established requirements. As production is adjusted, production output increases. The end of development is the achievement of the design level of economic indicators of the new product and the planned sales volume.

When designing new equipment, it is important to take into account the environmental aspect and the need to design a new product from the consumer’s perspective.

The environmental aspect of the problems associated with the production and operation of a new product is reflected in the development of the concept of a “green” product. The formation of such a concept involves considering alternative options for implementing the idea of ​​a new product in the first phase of its design.

When accepting the concept of a “green” product, it is necessary to address the following issues:

Reducing the costs of raw materials and packaging: eliminate or simplify packaging, use larger packaging, create multifunctional products;

Use of recycled materials;

Reducing the expenditure of scarce natural resources;

Improving the safety of products for the environment;

Increasing the life of the product;

Possibility of alteration, repair and disposal of goods.

Customer orientation in the design process is achieved through 1) direct consumer participation in the development of new products and 2) designing the product taking into account the requirements of the target consumer group.

Customer participation in development, or joint product design with the consumer, allows the user to see a new product, test it and improve it, if necessary, before mass production begins. Therefore, in a number of industries - instrument making, machine tool building, radio engineering - most of the ideas about fundamental innovations come from enterprises - consumers of products. These enterprises actively participate in the development and testing of new products, providing their own production facilities. Joint design allows you to establish stable partnerships with manufacturers. With close cooperation between the manufacturer and the customer, they share the commercial risk of innovation, and the uncertainty of the final results of their searches is reduced.

Designing a product taking into account the requirements of the target consumer group, or consistent satisfaction of consumer requirements, in foreign production management practice it is called “deployment of the quality function” ( Quality Function Deployment- QFD).

To solve this problem, a cross-functional team is created, including marketers, design engineers, technologists and production workers.

Consistently meeting consumer requirements begins with determining the characteristics and properties of the product that meet the needs and expectations of future buyers. During market research, consumer needs and preferences are determined. Their classification and subsequent ranking (determining the degree of significance) make it possible to accurately establish the requirements for the product and determine those qualities that are of greatest importance to the consumer and need improvement.

The main tool for identifying consumer needs is the quality matrix, or “quality house” (Fig. 2.4). With its help, consumer requirements are transformed into specific technological and engineering tasks. Thus, the quality matrix guides specialists involved in the design process to create products that would fully satisfy the needs of future consumers.

Fig.2.4. "House of Quality"

Expanded process QFD consists of four stages, each of which builds its own house of quality (Fig. 2.5): 1) development of a product quality plan; 2) structuring (deployment) of a product quality project (development of a quality plan for product components); 3) development of a process quality plan; 4) development of a product quality control plan.

Fig.2.5. Process diagram QFD

The process of creating new products is carried out on the basis of the implementation of a set of pre-production works.

Object, subject and purpose of the course “Enterprise Economics”.

Creation and development of production of new goods.

Structure of the national economy (spheres, sectors, complexes, industries, enterprises)

Structure of an enterprise business plan.

Basic concepts about the enterprise.

Market pricing of products, scope and factors determining it.

Classification of enterprises according to various criteria.

Investments, their direction and sources of financing.

The essence and types of entrepreneurship.

Marketing and product strategy of the company.

Production and organizational structure of enterprises.

Financial plan of the enterprise.

Organization of the production process.

Production risk assessment and insurance.

Concentration of production, its advantages and disadvantages.

Authorized capital and property of the enterprise.

Specialization of production and its economic efficiency.

Remuneration: principles, forms and systems.

Combination of production, its features and efficiency.

Enterprise loans and their economic assessment.

Classification and structure of enterprise personnel.

Organizational-economic and organizational-legal forms of enterprises in the Russian Federation.

Labor productivity, its assessment and economic significance.

The company's strategy, its types and selection factors.

Reserves for growth of labor productivity.

The simplest methods for assessing the effectiveness of investments.

Organization of labor at the enterprise.

The theory of optimal production volume.

Labor standardization at the enterprise.

Cost-based pricing of products and its scope.

Remuneration at the enterprise.

Product production plan.

Basic production assets, their classification and evaluation.

Business plan of the enterprise, its purpose and role in production planning.

Depreciation of fixed assets.

Pricing policy of the enterprise and types of prices.

Depreciation of fixed production assets and their reproduction.

Production cost estimate.

The production capacity of the enterprise and its use.

Enterprise costs and their classification.

Working capital, their structure and economic significance.

Investment efficiency and its assessment according to the system of international indicators.

Industrial stocks and their rationing.

Innovation policy of the enterprise.

Work in progress and its rationing.

Engineering and reengineering at the enterprise.

Rationing the consumption of material resources.

The influence of competition on the price of goods and the profit of the enterprise.

Material consumption and reserves of its economy.

Justification of the optimal planning and management decision for the enterprise's activities, selection of optimization criteria.

Working capital turnover, its indicators and the economic significance of its acceleration.

Costing.

Product quality, its assessment and measurement.

Product cost and its structure.

Product competitiveness and its determining factors.

Assessing the efficiency of an enterprise's economic activities.

Standards and product certification.

Balance sheet of an enterprise and calculation of indicators of its financial condition.

Product quality management system.

Taxation of enterprises and its impact on business efficiency.

1. Object, subject and purpose of the course “Enterprise Economics”.

Economy is the study of how society uses certain limited resources to produce useful products and distributes them among different groups of people. That's why enterprise economy is the science of how this phenomenon occurs within a single enterprise. As the name of the course suggests, object study is an enterprise. In accordance with current Russian legislation, an enterprise is understood as an organization that uses a variety of resources, processes them accordingly and receives marketable products, provides certain services or performs any work with the aim of subsequently selling the finished product on the market. At the same time, the enterprise must structure its activities in such a way as to receive a certain profit.

Subject The course's research focuses on production, economic and organizational-economic social relations that develop in an enterprise during its operation.

1. Creation and development of production of new goods.

Qualitative improvement of production is carried out in the form of innovations. The field of science that studies various theories of innovation - the formation of innovations, their dissemination, factors that counter innovations, the development of innovative solutions - is called innovation.

Innovation activity is a process aimed at implementing the results of completed research and development into the production process. Innovation - is the final result of innovative activity, realized in the form of a new or improved product (technological process) sold on the market.

Classification of innovations:

According to the degree of novelty, they are distinguished:

Basic innovations (implement major inventions and are the basis for the formation of new generations and directions of technology development);

Improving (related to the introduction of small and medium-sized inventions);

Pseudo-innovations (aimed at partial improvement of outdated types of equipment and technology);

According to their role in the reproduction process, innovations are classified into:

consumer;

investment;

By degree of difficulty:

1. synthetic;

For reasons of occurrence:

reactive (aimed at the survival of the company, they appear, as a rule, as a reaction to radical innovative transformations carried out by competitors);

strategic (are proactive in nature and aimed at gaining competitive advantages in the future);

According to the nature of application, they are distinguished:

product innovation (aimed at the production and use of new products and services);

market ones (opening up new areas of application for already known products and services and allowing the needs for them to be realized in new markets);

process innovations (aimed at new technologies, process organization and management);

social innovation (focused on the construction and functioning of new social structures).

The concept of “innovation” can only be applied to those innovations, the costs of creation and implementation of which are recouped within the regulatory time frame. In this case, the period of time from the origin of an idea to the practical implementation of an innovation is called innovation life cycle. Innovation is financed from the same sources as the financing of any investment (self-financing, borrowed funds, attracted sources, etc.).

The investment policy of enterprises should be aimed at increasing production fundamentally