DROUGHT presentation is created by Turgeneva Mariya and Galkina Ulyana

DROUGHT A drought is a period of below-average precipitation in a given region, resulting in extensive shortages in its waters supply, whether atmospheric, surface or ground water.

DROUGHT It can have a substantial impact on the ecosystem and agriculture of the affected region. Although droughts can persist for several years, even a short, intense drought can cause significant damage and harm to the local economy.

DROUGHT Because of the lack of these watering holes, many grazing animals are forced to migrate due to the lack of water and feed to more fertile spots. Examples of such animals are zebras, elephants, and wildebeest. Because of the lack of water in the plants, bushfires are common.

WHAT SHOULD YOU DO DURING DROUGHT? don't leave the house, if possible; to save water if you leave the house, wear a hat ; to get ready to help other people ; to be connected with state authrorites.

INTERESTING FACTS Only in Africa the number of fatalities from drought is 1 million from 1970 to 2010 . The UN established the World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought. Hiderigami – is the spirit of the drought in Japanese folklore. In Central Russia bush and pest fires were, and it resulted in smoke blanketing of Moscow and many other cities in 1972, 2002 and 2010 .

TYPES Meteorological drought is brought about when there is a prolonged time with less than average precipitation. Meteorological drought usually precedes the other kinds of drought. Agricultural droughts are droughts that crop affect production or the ecology of the range. This condition can also arise independently from any change in precipitation levels when soil conditions and erosion triggered by poorly planned agricultural endeavors cause a shortfall in water available to the crops. However, in a traditional drought, it is caused by an extended period of below average precipitation. Hydrological drought is brought about when the water reserves available in sources such as aquifers, lakes and reservoirs fall below the statistical average . Hydrological drought tends to show up more slowly because it involves stored water that is used but not replenished. Like an agricultural drought, this can be triggered by more than just a loss of rainfall. For instance, Kazakhstan was recently awarded a large amount of money by the World Bank to restore water that had been diverted to other nations from the Aral Sea under Soviet rule. Similar circumstances also place their largest lake, Balkhash, at risk of completely drying out .

Drought A dry season is a prolonged and significant lack of rain, more often at elevated temperatures and low air humidity, as a result of which moisture reserves in the soil dry out, which leads to a decrease or death of the crop. The beginning of a drought is usually associated with the establishment of an anticyclone. The abundance of solar heat and dry air create increased evaporation (atmospheric drought), and soil moisture reserves are depleted without replenishment by rains (soil drought). During drought, the flow of water into plants through the root systems is hindered, the consumption of moisture for transpiration begins to exceed its inflow from the soil, the water saturation of tissues decreases, and the normal conditions for photosynthesis and carbon nutrition are violated.

Drought Depending on the season, there are spring, summer and autumn droughts. spring droughts are especially dangerous for early crops; summer causes severe damage to both early and late cereals and other annual crops, as well as fruit plants; autumn are dangerous for winter seedlings. The most destructive are spring-summer and summer-autumn droughts. Most often, droughts are observed in the steppe zone, less often in the forest-steppe zone: 2-3 times a century, droughts occur even in the forest zone. The concept of drought is not applicable to areas with a rainless summer and extremely low rainfall, where agriculture is possible only with artificial irrigation (for example, the Sahara, Gobi and other deserts). In order to raise awareness of the world community, the UN has established a world day to combat desertification and drought.

Appearance The beginning of a drought is usually associated with the establishment of a sedentary high anticyclone. The abundance of solar heat and gradually decreasing air humidity create increased evaporation (atmospheric drought), and therefore soil moisture reserves are depleted without replenishment by rains (soil drought). Gradually, as soil drought intensifies, ponds, rivers, lakes, springs dry up, and a hydrological drought begins. During drought, the flow of water into plants through the root systems is hindered, the consumption of moisture for transpiration begins to exceed its inflow from the soil, the water saturation of tissues decreases, and the normal conditions for photosynthesis and carbon nutrition are violated.

Differences Depending on the time of year, spring, summer and autumn droughts are distinguished. spring droughts are especially dangerous for early crops; summer causes severe damage to both early and late cereals and other annual crops, as well as fruit plants; autumn are dangerous for winter seedlings. The most destructive are spring-summer and summer-autumn droughts.

Regions In the middle latitudes, droughts are most often observed in the steppe zone, less often in the forest-steppe zone: 2-3 times a century, droughts occur even in the forest zone. The concept of drought is not applicable to regions with a rainless summer and extremely low rainfall, where agriculture is possible only with artificial irrigation (for example, the Sahara, Gobi and other deserts). Droughts are common in the subtropical zone and in the subequatorial zone, where rain occurs only during the wet season. In order to raise awareness of the world community, the UN has established a world day to combat desertification and drought.

Droughts Drought is a natural phenomenon that occurs when there is no rainfall for a long time, combined with high evapotranspiration, which leads to the drying up of the root layer of the soil and disrupts the water supply of plants. Types of droughts: Distinguish between atmospheric and soil drought By time of manifestation: spring, spring-summer, summer, summer-autumn, autumn, autumn-winter Distribution: global, regional, local Cause of droughts (frequent recurrence of Arctic anticyclones)

Drought criteria Lack of rainfall:

Fiftieth years Number of droughts Drought years, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1906, 1911, 1914, 1917, 1920, 1921, 1924, 1931, 1934, 1936, 1938, 1939, 1946, 195.1948, 195. , 1972, 1975, 1979, 1981, 1984, 1991, 1995

Dry winds Dry winds - wind at high temperatures and a large lack of air saturation with moisture, causing oppression or death of plants. Dry wind - wind at high temperature and a large lack of air saturation with moisture, causing oppression or death of plants. Agronomic criteria for dry winds: Agronomic criteria for dry winds: air temperature at 1 pm is above 25 C, air temperature at 1 pm is above 25 C, relative humidity at the same time is 5 m / s according to the weather vane, A single criterion is the humidity deficit at 1 pm is 20 hPa and more

Intensity of dry winds depending on air humidity deficit at 13:00 and damage to grain crops (according to E. A. Zuberbiller) , their twisting, yellowing, drying, in non-hardened plants a slight grain capture is possible after 3–5 days Intensive40–49 severe damage to the vegetative mass, grain capture after 1-2 days

Dust storms Dust storms - transport by strong winds (10-20 m/s or more) of a large amount of dust, sand, topsoil, almost or completely devoid of vegetation cover Dust storms - transport by strong winds (10-20 m/s or more) large amount of dust, sand, topsoil, almost or completely devoid of vegetation. - strong wind (more than 10 m/s according to the weather vane); - desiccation and, as a result, spraying of the topsoil; - desiccation and, as a result, spraying of the topsoil; - absence or weak development of vegetation cover in the fields; - absence or weak development of vegetation cover in the fields; - the presence of vast open spaces; - the presence of vast open spaces; - unleveled microrelief and light in granulometric composition - unleveled microrelief and light soils in granulometric composition: sandy, sandy loamy, light loamy. soils: sandy, sandy, light loamy.

Measures to combat drought phenomena It is carried out in three directions. 1) Selection and genetic. It consists in the selection and breeding of new drought-resistant plant varieties. Of great importance is the correct placement of plant varieties, taking into account soil and climatic conditions. 2) Agrotechnical. Agronomic science and practice have accumulated a significant number of techniques and technologies aimed at counteracting droughts and dry winds. These include variation in sowing dates, timely closing of moisture in spring, creation of clean feasts, non-moldboard tillage, etc. 3) Ameliorative. An effective way to provide plants with moisture in arid conditions is all types of irrigation, retention of melt water, snow retention. Protective afforestation (forest belts) plays a special role.

Downpours Precipitation characterized by the suddenness of the beginning and end of the fallout and a sharp increase in intensity. Fall from cumulonimbus clouds In 5 minutes - 0.5 mm/min In 30 minutes - 0.3 mm/min HARMFUL EFFECTS: - soil compaction surface destruction, soil washout water erosion (ravines) crop lodging CONTROL MEASURES: proper placement of agricultural crops cultivation of slopes afforestation terraces, ditches

Hail Precipitation that falls in the warm season from powerful cumulonimbus clouds in the form of particles of dense ice FIGHT AGAINST HAIL: with the help of a meteorological locator in cumulonimbus clouds, centers of hail generation are detected; special chemical reagents (solid carbon dioxide, silver iodide) are introduced into the centers with aircraft, rockets, due to the large number of condensation nuclei, small hailstones are formed, it rains, hail is prevented from. cultures