tretyakovevgeni 05-01-2013 17:49

Can I open a hunting society on agricultural land (3 thousand hectares) that I own? And where is this stated by law?

------------------
farmer

Nahum 05-01-2013 17:52

I'll follow the topic

BOLT2000 05-01-2013 18:04

I will note.interest.

Urginec 05-01-2013 18:17

I looked for such documents a year ago and didn’t find anything.
maybe you'll get lucky

BOLT2000 05-01-2013 18:57

quote: maybe you'll get lucky

zdoros 05-01-2013 19:43

quote: hunting society

Mirror"ze 05-01-2013 19:48

Well, if you are already a farmer, then you can already create a society.

Has your “footcloth” already been issued to you for the land, or is it just an entry in the collective farm book???

BOLT2000 05-01-2013 21:19

quote:

zdoros 05-01-2013 21:23

quote: What should it be like to create a hunting farm?

Mikhail_RND 06-01-2013 03:32

Ownership of land and the right to use hunting resources are in no way connected. To understand the mechanism for securing hunting grounds, read the law "On hunting and conservation of hunting resources and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation"..
To begin with, it is necessary that in your subject the total area of ​​the LLC is more than 20% and these 3 thousand hectares of yours are included in it.

Mirror"ze 06-01-2013 03:36

As I understand it, Evgeniy wants to make do with little expense, so as not to run into additional rent... So the question is not a little important:

quote: Has your “footcloth” already been issued to you for the land, or is it just an entry in the collective farm book???

There’s another point, did you purchase it at an auction or did you inherit the shares... or was it given by someone or something else???

You don’t remain silent, Zhen, otherwise it seems like it’s not really that good for you....

Mikhail_RND 06-01-2013 04:16

quote: ... there’s another point, did you purchase it at an auction or did you inherit the shares... or was it given by someone or something else???

as-hunter 06-01-2013 07:26

quote: Can I open a hunting society on agricultural land (3 thousand hectares)

Mirror"ze 06-01-2013 14:33

quote: ...there is a question about the use of hunting resources...

(speculation)

Yes, it seems that in the first post there is not a word about use or resources...

There are some words about the company... and the authorized capital and address are important for the society... But Evgeniy never said anything, on

...do you have land - has the footcloth already been issued to you or is it just an entry in the collective farm book???

zdoros 06-01-2013 14:42

quote: Yes, it seems that in the first post there is not a word about use or resources...

Mikhail_RND 06-01-2013 14:49

The thread is called "hunting legislation". Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that this is exactly what the question is about. Otherwise, the question would be identical to the question “can I open a society for lovers of Mexican cuisine on my land?” Now the hunting society is no different from any other public organization.

tretyakovevgeni 06-01-2013 22:34

First of all, I would like to thank everyone who cares for the discussion! I see that I am not the only one interested in this question. I am describing my situation. I purchased land from the shareholders of the LLP (3 thousand hectares in total). Agricultural land. At the moment, land surveying has been carried out and I have in my hands a certificate of ownership for the entire volume with a specific identification of boundaries. My lands border on existing hunting grounds. Can I create my own hunting enterprise on my lands? In what law can all this be found? Is there any minimum area for creating a hunting reserve? Did my neighbors have the right to include part of my areas within the boundaries of their hunting grounds without my consent?

Mirror"ze 06-01-2013 23:33

quote: Originally posted by tretyakovevgeni:

I have in my hands a certificate of ownership for the entire volume with specific boundaries.

How to understand this - for the entire "collective farm"???
Or... as a result of land surveying, the new plot was assigned a cadastral number??? ...do you have a cadastral passport for a new plot in your hands???
You left the LLP, but the K-passport and the purchase and sale agreement were registered with the State Property Management Department (at the Registrar)??? And you have already been given a land certificate.

Did you just register the Shares for yourself??? Remained in the LLP??? and carried out land surveying and as a farmer - do you use this plot???
You were given a certificate for... share.

Explain...

What do you have in your certificate in the column - easement????

as-hunter 07-01-2013 08:14

quote: My lands border on existing hunting grounds. Can I create my own hunting enterprise on my lands? In what law can all this be found? Is there any minimum area for creating a hunting reserve? Did my neighbors have the right to include part of my areas within the boundaries of their hunting grounds without my consent?

tretyakovevgeni 07-01-2013 11:19

I plan to hunt both upland birds and ungulates, and what is the minimum number of ungulates (elk, wild boar, roe deer). What is it tied to: hectares or terrain features?

tretyakovevgeni 07-01-2013 11:25

Now I found a column in the certificate. I quote “Existing restrictions (encumbrances) of the right: not registered in the Unified State Register of Rights to Real Estate and Transactions with It (date, month, year) registration entry N..."

as-hunter 07-01-2013 14:14

quote: I was not a member of the LLP, I stupidly bought shares from the shareholders under a purchase and sale agreement (using the services of a notary), then completed a set of works and received certificates of state registration of rights to the entire volume of land. In the certificate, the type of right is property, and a cadastral number is assigned. Where is this servitude even stated in the certificate? I don’t know what it is and I couldn’t find it anywhere in the documents.
Now I don’t know if there are active hunting grounds on my land. The hunting grounds bordering me are designated hunting grounds.
I plan to hunt both upland birds and ungulates, and what is the minimum number of ungulates (elk, wild boar, roe deer). What is it tied to: hectares or terrain features?

Mirror"ze 07-01-2013 15:10

Does a Public Easement fit into the “Certificate of Title”???

Or is that why he...!??

But it (the easement) is somehow canceled... but how (?), if not - by property?!!

Mirror"ze 07-01-2013 15:17

Well, for example like this

quote: Originally posted by tretyakovevgeni:

Existing restrictions (encumbrances) of the right: not registered

those. Public easement - cancelled?!!! ...or does this phrase refer to a private easement?!!

(Need old man - opdo)

Mirror"ze 07-01-2013 18:26

FZoOh, Article 26. Restrictions on land rights within the boundaries of hunting grounds

tretyakovevgeni 07-01-2013 20:31

those. In your opinion, the state, represented by the Ministry of Natural Resources, rents out my land, my property, to some society for rent. Without my consent, regardless of my opinion. Collects tribute in the form of taxes and in the form of rent, both from me as the owner and from tenants, I understand where we live but common sense must be present i.e. The rights of the owner of a certain territory can be limited by a tenant to whom this territory was leased by the state. It turns out that the tenant has more legal rights than the owner.

as-hunter 07-01-2013 20:40

Nobody is renting out your land. And it gives the right to use the animal world that lives on your land and considers it its own.

Nahum 07-01-2013 21:13

Do you have agricultural land?

Mirror"ze 08-01-2013 02:30

if “Public easement is cancelled”!, then no one can hunt on your land! Neither you nor anyone!!!

Here is the reproduction of wild "..." - please, but the prey - horseradish!!!
only - “population regulation” (shoot crows)!!!

If you complain that the moose are eating you, the GOI will come (many, or maybe many, many) and take everyone away, but you don’t care - fuck it.
In general, OZHM will use you, but you will not!!!
(joke, but only just)

Mirror"ze 08-01-2013 17:02

As a joke:

Software item 2
"2. These Rules do not apply to relations related to the use and protection of wild animals kept in captivity and owned by legal entities, individual entrepreneurs, and individuals in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation."

Mirror"ze 10-01-2013 12:27

Continuation of the joke:

If the Rules (!) do not apply to you, this does not mean that the Law does not apply to you!! ipec:

Mirror"ze 10-01-2013 01:39

(...ah, now seriously)
- Namely: FZ_OZHM and PI_OZHM, at least...!

And then if you achieve that the Okh.Dep of the Region includes in the PI_OZhM about “population regulation” on privately owned agricultural lands (although there are some issues here).

Hunter22 11-01-2013 15:35

tretyakovevgeni,
Find out from the Ministry of Natural Resources of the subject whether there is any hunting area on your territory. If yes, then obtaining hunting lands will be either problematic or impossible for you until the end of the hunting-use agreement. Hunting is an easement that is enshrined in law. In other words, hunting and hunting on your territory is possible without your permission. You also have no right to prohibit or restrict hunting.

fencer_al 11-01-2013 15:59

I read the topic and found it interesting.
Do I understand correctly that according to our legislation, having ownership of a plot of land (for agricultural purposes), I do not have the right to restrict the access of third parties to it? For example, surround the entire area with fences.
Those. To put it simply, I have a field, all kinds of cabbage/potatoes grow on it.
Various game are fed from the field. Game can be consumed by the harvest; hunters have the right to enter the land. I have no right to touch game, nor do I have the right to drive away hunters.

Hunter22 11-01-2013 16:30

This is true.
If someone causes damage to crops or other property, then it will be recovered in accordance with the law.

Mirror"ze 11-01-2013 16:41

quote: If somebody causes damage to crops or other property, it is recovered in accordance with the law.

And if this someone is - OZHM??? Who should I ask?

Hunter22 11-01-2013 18:22

From the owner of OZHM

Mirror"ze 11-01-2013 18:32

And in addition, ask him (the owner of the OZhM) - “Fence”, ...

and insurance for damage caused to third parties. Oh how!

zdoros 11-01-2013 19:11

quote: From the owner of OZHM

BOLT2000 13-01-2013 11:39

quote: From the owner of OZHM

al-rad 14-01-2013 06:39

BOLT2000 14-01-2013 07:17

Interesting.

Mikhail_RND 14-01-2013 12:54

quote: What if you become the owner of this very OZHM?

al-rad 14-01-2013 23:55

And yet, the primary conclusion of a hunting agreement
.mosreg.ru/pages/932051.aspx

Mirror"ze 15-01-2013 12:36

quote: Originally posted by al-rad:

al-rad

IMHO: I dare to suggest that all this fun should be carried out on leased sovereign lands. (correct)

with private ones - ???????

I remember a case (even on the radio, even a story) that as soon as Luzhko was released, they urgently convened the Duma and quickly accepted..., they say a private owner (his wife had land in Belgorodskaya) cannot separate from the Russian state if his lands are border...
It seems like the lands were taken away... or...

BOLT2000 15-01-2013 08:27

quote: will separate from the Russian state if its lands are border....

Mikhail_RND 15-01-2013 09:16

quote: I dare to suggest that all this fun should be carried out on leased sovereign lands.

Mirror"ze 15-01-2013 20:01

quote: Originally posted by BOLT2000:

And if NOT border!?

OFF: that is, the procedure specified by law...

In the case described by the vehicle with a section of 5x6 km. The private owner is getting sick of the fees for flying over Russian territory!!!

Mirror"ze 15-01-2013 23:58

Z"z IMHO: I dare to suggest that...
Mikhail_RND: It’s not written down anywhere.

Well, yes, that’s why they are (my) assumptions, except that they are not written down!!!

And you develop it, but according to the law... (no, well, I don’t insist, it’s IMHO)

BOLT2000 18-01-2013 07:02

Maxim_vl 31-01-2013 08:56

An interesting topic, I myself am considering such an option as registering land for farming.

The purpose of the land for farming is farming (from growing vegetables to raising animals + there is ecological tourism in my opinion)

Hunt. land - only rent for use for hunting purposes (human, commercial, etc.)

I believe that if the land is owned, then in this case there is a right of ownership! This right is inviolable and is regulated from the Constitution to the Civil Code. On the basis of these regulatory and legal acts, the hunting law is also adopted.

Actions Art. 26 may contradict the concept of property rights, namely, if you fence your plot with a fence + there is a house on the plot, then being and shooting on such a plot or near the house is prohibited, since property rights are violated. I think the easement has nothing to do with it, since on the site there may be 1) crops, animals raised (including a farm for deer and cutting antlers) or a farm for breeding pheasants, rabbits or sheep .. and accordingly how will you kill these animals (using a sledgehammer or a gun) does not matter. The use of your property is again at your discretion.

Also, the very concept of hunting is tracking, pursuing and killing wild animals in their habitat (i.e. in a forest, field, swamp, etc.) and not in a farmer's field or farmer's paddock.

Mikhail_RND 31-01-2013 11:12

Wrong.
Hunting grounds mean all habitats of Hunting Resources, incl. and agricultural land (arable land, pastures, etc.).
According to the Federal Law “On Animal World”, the rights to use land and livestock are separated.
The territory of a hunting farm is a territory within the boundaries of which hunting users are granted the right to use hunting resources, which they, in turn, re-provide to hunters legally.
Thus, in the presence of permitting documents, the hunter has the right to obtain a hunting resource, incl. and on the territory of privately owned agricultural lands.
A landowner who prevents a hunter from obtaining legal rights is breaking the law. In some regions, for such cases, there are even special articles in the regional laws on administrative offenses - “for preventing a hunter from accessing hunting grounds for hunting purposes if he has documents giving him the right to hunt.”

Mirror"ze 05-02-2013 17:14

Good afternoon, Evgeniy!

How are you doing with the “opening and registration of a hunting society”, what did they tell you at the OkhotDepe???

Can you create on their lands - your own hunting ground?

To be honest, I don’t understand at all how you managed to find out what

tretyakovevgeni: "The hunting grounds bordering me are designated hunting grounds."- Where?? - OBS?

We recently visited the "reasonings", you can take a look
(to begin with, read diagonally, over time it will get better)

Maxim_vl 07-02-2013 09:28

quote: Incorrect. Hunting grounds mean all habitats of Hunting Resources, incl. and agricultural lands (arable lands, pastures, etc.). According to the Federal Law “On the Animal World,” the rights to use land and livestock are separated. The territory of a hunting farm is the territory within the boundaries of which hunting users are granted the right to use hunting resources, which they, in turn, re-provide to hunters on legal grounds. Thus, in the presence of permitting documents, the hunter has the right to obtain a hunting resource, incl. and on the territory of privately owned agricultural lands. A landowner who prevents a hunter from obtaining a legal right violates the law. In some regions, for such cases, there are even special articles in the regional laws on administrative offenses - “for preventing a hunter from accessing hunting grounds for hunting purposes if he has documents giving him the right to hunt.”

Clause 15) hunting grounds - territories within the boundaries of which activities in the field of hunting are allowed;

According to Art. 7 Federal Law of July 24, 2009 N 209-FZ (as amended on December 6, 2011) “On hunting and on the conservation of hunting resources and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation”

The boundaries of hunting grounds include lands whose legal regime allows the implementation of activities in the field of hunting.
2. Hunting grounds are divided into:
1) hunting grounds that are used by legal entities and individual entrepreneurs on the grounds provided for by this Federal Law (hereinafter referred to as designated hunting grounds);
2) hunting grounds in which individuals have the right to freely stay for hunting purposes (hereinafter referred to as public hunting grounds).
3. Publicly accessible hunting grounds must account for no less than twenty percent of the total area of ​​hunting grounds of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation.
4. Hunting lands can be used for one or more types of hunting.

About the separation of the animal world and the right to use the land! I don’t understand why you wrote this, but
Federal Law of April 24, 1995 N 52-FZ (as amended on November 21, 2011) “On the Animal World”
Article 2. Objectives of this Federal Law

This Federal Law regulates relations in the field of protection and use of the animal world and its habitat in order to ensure biological diversity, sustainable use of all its components, create conditions for the sustainable existence of the animal world, preserve the genetic fund of wild animals and otherwise protect the animal world as an integral element of the natural environment. environment.
(as amended by Federal Law dated July 24, 2009 N 209-FZ)

This law regulates what is specified in Art. 2 ..and there is no land regulation there and there will not be, since it is regulated by other rules of law.
Federal Law of June 11, 2003 N 74-FZ (as amended on December 25, 2012) “On Peasant (Farm) Farming”

Part 3 art. 11 Article 11. Land plots provided and acquired for the creation of a farm and the implementation of its activities

Land plots provided and acquired for the creation of a farm and the implementation of its activities are formed in accordance with the land legislation of the Russian Federation.

You wrote “Thus, with permitting documents, a hunter has the right to obtain a hunting resource, incl. and on the territory of privately owned agricultural lands.”

Here I believe that you are a little mistaken.
Despite the fact that Art. 26 Federal Law "On Hunting and on the Conservation of Hunting Resources and on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation"

Article 26 Restrictions on land rights within the boundaries of hunting grounds

1. The ownership rights of individuals and legal entities to land plots and other rights to land within the boundaries of hunting grounds are limited in accordance with this Federal Law and other federal laws.
2. On lands and land plots that are located within the boundaries of hunting grounds and are not leased to legal entities and individual entrepreneurs who have entered into hunting agreements, hunting is carried out in accordance with hunting agreements.

In this case, there is a public easement, i.e.
"...Public easement is an easement established in relation to a land plot by law or other regulatory legal act of the Russian Federation, a regulatory legal act of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, a regulatory legal act of a local government body, to ensure the interests of the state, local government or local population. In regulatory legal acts, the obligation of the body that established the easement may be established to pay the person whose land plot is burdened with the easement a proportionate fee for the easement, and the amount of this fee may also be established..."

but there is also a gap in law, since the content of property rights:

"...1. The owner has the rights to own, use and dispose of his property.
2. The owner has the right, at his own discretion, to take any actions in relation to his property that do not contradict the law and other legal acts and do not violate the rights and interests protected by law of other persons, including alienating his property into the ownership of other persons, transferring it to them, while remaining the owner , the right to own, use and dispose of property, pledge property and encumber it in other ways, dispose of it in any other way..."

Extract from the document:

"Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Part One)" dated November 30, 1994 N 51-FZ
(as amended on December 30, 2012)
(with amendments and additions coming into force from 01/02/2013)

Thus, the owner has the right to use and dispose of his property.

EXAMPLE: on the territory of a hunting farm there is a deer farm for breeding deer and obtaining antlers for young deer. Oleynik occupies an area of ​​100 hectares. Oleynik is fenced. And YOU want to say that a hunter who has all the permits for shooting deer (spotted, red, etc.) can safely enter the territory of the deer farm and remove one deer from its habitat in accordance with the existing license???

The rule of law in the studio according to which this hunter will violate my right of ownership - namely, shoot a deer that belongs to me by right of ownership?

The same example can be considered with the breeding of other species on the farm (ducks, turkeys, pigs, rams, rabbits, horses, etc.)

Part 2 tbsp. 11 Federal Law of June 11, 2003 N 74-FZ “On Peasant (Farm) Farming”
For the construction of buildings, structures and structures necessary for the implementation of farming activities, land plots from agricultural lands and lands of other categories can be provided and acquired.

Now the situation is different: members of the farm have built residential houses for themselves on the territory of their farm. So, according to the current legislation, namely clause 16.1, Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia dated November 16, 2010 N 512 (as amended on September 5, 2012) “On approval of the Hunting Rules” (Registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia on February 4, 2011 N 19704)

states that - hunting game animals using hunting firearms and (or) pneumatic weapons closer than 200 meters from housing is PROHIBITED;

YOU WRITTEN - A landowner who prevents a hunter from obtaining a legal right is breaking the law. In some regions, for such cases, there are even special articles in the regional laws on administrative offenses - “for preventing a hunter from accessing hunting grounds for hunting purposes if he has documents giving him the right to hunt.”

Specify the subject and current regulations???

Mikhail_RND 07-02-2013 13:38

Firstly. Article 78 p3 of the Land Code "3. The use of agricultural lands or land plots as part of such lands is permitted for carrying out activities in the field of hunting, unless otherwise provided by this Code."
Secondly, regarding

quote: About arable land, pastures, and so on, these are your personal conjectures and views!!!

Your example about a deer is incorrect, since a deer kept on a farm (i.e. in captivity, and how they differ from semi-captivity you will not read in any official document - another gap in the legislation) is not a hunting resource, but is property farmer and hunting legislation does not apply to him.

About the rules of hunting - the point you cited in no way relates to the topic we are considering. This paragraph establishes a safety standard, read it again yourself. In addition to firearms and pneumatic weapons, there are also bladed weapons, traps, and other non-prohibited hunting tools with which it is not prohibited to obtain hunting resources at least 1 m from housing, provided that it is located within the boundaries of the hunting grounds.

quote: Specify the subject and current regulations???

In general, I hope that I explained it clearly, but if you don’t know how to read arguments and in a dispute you are only looking for confirmation of your point of view as a landowner, it is better to stop communicating.

dEretik 07-02-2013 23:26

Baltes_vrn 11-02-2013 20:16

In order to fence off the deer, the land must be taken out of agricultural use. Change the type of permitted use. Any fence, if it prevents me from passing through, violates my right. Only private lands can be fenced. But ownership of agricultural land has restrictions. In addition, if deer are bred without permission, then it is difficult to prove the intent of a hunter who has a permit for such a resource to encroach on private property. Hunting resources belong to the state.

1) cattle (buffalos, bulls, oxen, cows, yaks);
2) small livestock (goats, sheep);
3) pigs;
4) horses, hinnies, mules, donkeys;
5) camels;
6) deer (deer, sika deer, reindeer);
7) rabbits, fur-bearing animals;
8) poultry of egg-laying breeds and poultry of meat breeds (geese, turkeys, chickens, quails, ducks, guinea fowl), broiler chickens;
9) bee families.
http://mcx.ru/documents/document/v7_show/16708.160.htm

Mirror"ze 11-02-2013 22:11

quote: Originally posted by dEretik: it is necessary to remove the land from agricultural use.

And what purpose will it have then - settlement lands???

Maxim_vl 12-02-2013 04:50

quote: quote:Originally posted by dEretik: the land needs to be taken out of agricultural circulation. And what purpose will it have then - settlement lands???

Agricultural lands that are part of the lands of settlements or inter-settlement lands that are part of the lands of the municipal district! in my case, the first option and so far.

The land is fenced off for deer (or breeding sheep, pigs, etc.) and no one will be able to hunt on it due to the fact that it is my property (Part 2 Article 86.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation - The property of a peasant (farm) farm belongs to him on property rights) and on this land I carry out activities in the form of breeding animals of a certain type, including deer or pigs. These animals are my property, since they were acquired by me and are part of the property complex of the farm.

You can fence any land if you have it for legal use (ownership, lease, free use, etc.) and if there are no restrictions on use, in particular on the installation of a fence or access to the land by other persons.

It is clear that you cannot physically fence off or control 500 GK, but fencing 50 GK is not a problem and I don’t think it’s a problem to control it either.

Mirror"ze 12-02-2013 09:56

quote:
You can fence any land if you have it for legal use (ownership, lease, free use, etc.) and if there are no restrictions on use, in particular on the installation of a fence or access to the land by other persons.

However, it does not follow from this text that:
- lease - long-term from the state,
- free use - from a private owner (owner),
and public easement - OU, cancelled.

IMHO: different legal regimes for land use are mixed

Entrepreneurs who love hunting are often concerned with the question: “How to rent hunting grounds?” Where, where, but in Russia there really is plenty to choose from!

The total area of ​​hunting grounds, i.e. the habitat of wild animals, in the Russian Federation is 1.5 billion hectares. The number of species of animals that are allowed to be hunted (hunting resources) is 228. The hunting sector provides a trade turnover of 80–100 billion rubles.

This is more cost-effective than feeding minks and arctic foxes in enclosures. The traditional classification distinguishes between open, forest, swamp and aquatic hunting grounds. Public relations related to their exploitation are regulated by the Federal Law “On Hunting and the Conservation of Hunting Resources...”

Forest resources are considered the most in demand. In their midst, private hunting grounds are most often organized. There are several classifications of them. The first of them (based on the age of the tree stand) uses a ten-year gradation for deciduous trees and a twenty-year gradation for coniferous trees. (classes 1 and 2 – young trees, classes 3 and 4 – middle-aged, then – ripening, ripe and overmature plantings).

The second classification, according to D.N. Danilov, distinguishes between swampy, mossy, floodplain, complex, dry and lichen, rocky forest. These are the most common classifications, in fact there are many more.

The legal classification involves three groups: the first - publicly accessible hunting lands (which by law occupy at least 20% of the total), the second - those assigned to individuals and legal entities (in fact, the subject of study in this article), and finally the third - lands, hunting in which are limited or prohibited by the established regime of protected areas.

Those interested in how to rent hunting grounds should be oriented towards the second group.

Selection of land for rent. Pre-planning

It is obvious that an entrepreneur in the field of hunting business chooses for himself a lease of forest land that is promising and potentially profitable, while using hunting management techniques. The activities that it includes are divided into preparatory, field and office.

Of course, you have to “measure seven times” before renting a hunting ground. During preparatory activities, documents of land departments of district executive committees, environmental organizations, veterinary services, and agricultural departments are studied. The point of field work is to qualitatively assess the populations of the leased territory.

The final stage of the assessment process is desk work, during which information from the preparatory and field stages is summarized, forest lands are assessed in monetary terms, the hunting area is territorially planned, shooting is rationed, biotechnical and security measures are planned, and optical management maps and diagrams are drawn up. The species abundance of hunting resources, how they are distributed spatially, and the sufficiency of natural food are assessed.

Thus, anyone interested in how to rent hunting grounds cannot do without a huntsman survey of the lands.

How much space should I rent? Opinions, of course, may vary. We believe that the point of view of Doctor of Biological Sciences Alexey Danilkin, who believes that in the temperate zone, an area of ​​ten thousand hectares is suitable for effective regulation of the number of ungulates, deserves attention. A more moderate approach assumes an area of ​​thirty thousand hectares. The cost of such a rental in its moderate version will cost the entrepreneur $600.

Registration of rent

If we answer the question “how to rent hunting grounds” from a legal point of view, then we will, of course, talk about documentary operations. The main stages of registering a lease are acquiring the status of an individual entrepreneur or a legal entity, selecting and leasing specific lands, concluding a hunting agreement with the State Hunting Inspectorate (as a result of winning the auction), and obtaining a state license to use hunting resources.

Licensing will require you to submit an application to the relevant executive body of government containing information about the future hunting business, as well as the expected quality and time parameters for the use of wildlife (shooting and restoration). It makes sense to draw up such an application based on the results of desk work. In fact, this is a draft business plan for a hunting enterprise.

The option of purchasing hunting grounds as a property is possible, but it is much more expensive, and, accordingly, we can talk about profitability here only over long periods of time. This is more of an investment than a business.

Ways to develop modern hunting

After acquiring the rights of use, the question becomes relevant: how to organize a hunting enterprise? An entrepreneur, having rented a hunting property, not only receives a profit from it, but also purposefully works to ensure that this profit becomes higher.

Of primary importance is the accuracy of determining the number of animals in a given farm at the beginning of the hunting season. This is the cornerstone from which all the main indicators of the hunting industry are planned. First of all, fur-bearing animals, as well as large artiodactyls, are taken into account. Their number is estimated at the number of individuals per thousand hectares of land. To do this, first a count is made on sample sites and routes, and then this sample is rounded up for the entire land area.

The criterion for the quality of hunting farms is the productivity coefficient of the land (this indicator is calculated for each animal species).

For good lands it is equal to 250, for those with above-average quality - 165, for average - 100, for below-average quality - 50, for poor - 15. In practice, this means, for example, that in good hunting grounds there are 2.5 times more animals, than in average.

Getting good land for rent is, of course, great luck. And, as a rule, it does not happen. Be realistic, they will rent you at most an average farm.

You have to improve its quality: improve the food supply, increase protective and nesting properties by increasing forest cover and enriching plantings. It may even be necessary to carry out land reclamation in a certain area. Only on the basis of a reliable “feeding rear” will it be possible to further develop the hunting business.

If there is a sufficient amount of feed, additional measures to artificially populate land with animals and birds have a good effect.

The success of the hunting farm depends on the rangers

It is obvious that understanding how to organize a private hunting enterprise must combine not only the approaches of entrepreneurship, but also specific aspects of the huntsman's business. Proper management of hunting should ensure expanded reproduction of animals and birds.

To do this, you need to navigate migrations, know the biology of the main animal species and their ability to repopulate. However, it is incorrect to assume that it is advisable to increase the population of certain game animals above the optimal one. The food supply deteriorates and diseases begin. Such purposeful activity, solving the problem of how to organize a hunting enterprise, is called game management, and it is professionally practiced by rangers.

Some economic issues

Where to start the economic activity of a hunting farm? First, measures should be taken to minimize the number of roads. Ideally, there should be one left leading to forestry, equipped with a checkpoint and barrier.

Extra roads, even if they are used for deforestation, must be closed legally. And then dig it up and fill it up. This puts a barrier to auto poaching and prevents a certain number of risks in the future. The cost of clearing the road and equipping the post will be about $1000.

Documentary support of the hunt

What documents support the hunting business? Each hunter, in accordance with the Federal Law “On Hunting,” must have in his hands an unlimited hunting license of a unified federal standard issued by the State Hunting Inspectorate. (The limitation for receiving it is an unexpunged or unexpunged conviction for an intentional crime).

The second document the hunter receives is a hunting permit (license). It operates within the boundaries of the hunting authority that issued it. In turn, the hunting management receives voucher (license) forms from the territorial body of the State Hunting Inspectorate.

When hunting licensed animals, that is, catching them by tracking and pursuing them in a state of natural freedom, the hunter, instead of a permit, receives a license from the hunting enterprise or signs an agreement. It should be noted that the validity of both the voucher and the license is limited in time. After use, the forms of these documents are handed over by hunters to the hunting farm. In addition, monitoring compliance with hunting deadlines and recording voucher forms (licenses) is a function of the hunting management.

Organization of hunting farm activities

In general, the organization of the activities of a hunting farm is regulated and carried out by its staff. It is these people, who know how to organize a hunting enterprise, who determine the level of service for hunters visiting the relevant areas. The basic range of services provided includes the organization of accommodation and meals, huntsman services, as well as the processing of trophies.

Additional services significantly increase the profitability of hunting: bathing services, massage, swimming pool, water routes, games (billiards, volleyball, table tennis), organization of picnics with barbecue, grounds for sports games, shooting range (shooting range), laundry, Internet, transport services, ecotourism for hunting.

The general activities of the business in question are carried out on the basis of a plan that takes into account, in addition to the products obtained directly from the hunting farm itself, also investments in it. It should be noted right away that the first two to three months after its organization, the hunting enterprise works to reach the break-even point. During the same period, entrepreneurs in the field of hunting business are recommended to enter into agreements with third-party organizations in order to increase the flow of funding.

Game staff

The minimum staff of a hunting establishment includes a manager, a huntsman and a cook. The manager plans its development and controls the implementation of this plan. Requirements: higher education (preferably specialized), availability of vehicles, experience in the hotel business is welcome.

He personally negotiates and concludes contracts with partners and clients, organizes work, and supervises personnel.

A huntsman must have a higher specialized or secondary education and two years of work experience in this specialty. It takes into account the number of animals, monitors compliance with hunting rules, carries out security measures and measures to regulate the number of animals. He prepares food, salt licks, arranges feeding areas and feeding troughs, and artificial nests.

The cook, of course, must be a real specialist in preparing game dishes. The success of the hunting business will also depend on his skill. The cook and huntsman should arrange accommodation separately from the guest houses.

Profit

Since the main types of costs have already been mentioned by us in this article, it remains for us to show the areas of profitability of the hunting industry. Each such farm approves its own tariffs for trophies obtained by hunters. Only a small percentage of this comes from income from the sale of vouchers and licenses (300–1000 rubles).

The main source of income is payment by hunters (clients of the hunting farm) for transport services, services of a huntsman, cook, accommodation, services related to the processing of harvested trophies (salting, smoking, freezing of meat, skinning and processing, intermediary services for making stuffed animals). If the hunting enterprise has a reservoir, then it receives additional income from the rental of fishing equipment and payment for the fish caught (tariffing is based on weight).

Hunting goods business

Hunter entrepreneurs, especially city dwellers, are often interested in what is needed to open a hunting store? To do this, firstly, you should navigate the legal norms regulating the sale of weapons. To open a business, you will need to invest about 3 million rubles in it. Documented permission from the local authorities and the local police department and a license to sell weapons will be required. Its price is 150 thousand rubles.

The remaining cost items are typical and apply to all entrepreneurs starting their own business. This includes state and tax registration, registration with a statistical agency, rent, and a security and fire alarm service agreement. And, of course, opening a hunting store involves purchasing equipment ($8-10 thousand) and goods ($5-6 thousand).

Conclusion

Organizing a profitable hunting enterprise is a specific matter. For its successful functioning, it is important to combine the skills of rangers, outstanding organizational skills, enthusiasm for establishing service, and unique cuisine.

Farms that have entered into agreements with large enterprises for the recreation of hunters from among their employees operate successfully and rhythmically. Also promising are the organization of elite hunting, with planned trophies, and the development of eco-tourism.

“Word of mouth” is of great importance: effective hunting, guaranteeing trophies, as well as well-established service are the key to the commercial success of the hunting industry.

Hunting is a branch of the national economy whose tasks include the protection, use, reproduction, and rational use of the state hunting fund.

Wild animals and birds living and also released for breeding purposes in the hunting grounds of the republic, regardless of whose use is the territory in which they live, constitute the hunting fund, which is state, public property.

Hunting grounds are all land, forest and water-covered areas that serve as habitat for wild animals and can be used for hunting.

Hunting grounds are divided into:

• lands assigned to state, cooperative and public organizations for the purpose of creating assigned hunting grounds on them;
• lands of game reserves, state hunting and forestry farms;
• lands closed to hunting, nature reserves, game reserves, areas around cities and industrial centers, places of mass recreation for workers, resort areas, pond fish farms and other places.

State reserves, hunting reserves of national significance, state hunting and reserve hunting farms are formed in the prescribed manner, forest hunting farms and reserves of local significance - by regional administrations, and reserve reserves within hunting farms - by the management of the farms in agreement with the forestry department of the relevant regional administration.

The regime of nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries and reserved hunting grounds is established by the regulations on them.

Areas closed to hunting (zones around cities and industrial centers, places of mass recreation for workers and other places) are established by regional administrations.

The procedure for organizing hunting lands, the conditions under which they are assigned to organizations, are established by the Ministry of Forestry.

Organizations to which hunting lands are assigned have the right, in agreement with land users, to erect the necessary buildings on these lands in the prescribed manner, plant and sow forage crops, and also carry out activities necessary for hunting.

In order to properly organize the hunting industry, attract hunters to actively participate in the protection and increase in reserves of game fauna, hunters of the republic unite into the society of hunters and fishermen, hunters-military personnel - into the Military Hunting Society, and hunters - employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs - into the section of hunters and fishermen of the physical culture and sports society "Dynamo", who act on the basis of approved charters and are guided by these Regulations.

The right to hunt on the territory of the republic with hunting firearms is enjoyed by all citizens who have reached the age of 18, are members of hunting societies, have passed the minimum hunting test and paid the state fee in the prescribed amount.

The certificate for the right to hunt is a hunting license with marks on passing tests for the hunting minimum and on payment of the state fee for the current year in the presence of a permit or license.

The procedure for issuing hunting tickets, vouchers and licenses, registering hunters, and submitting the hunting minimum is determined by the Ministry of Forestry.

Users of hunting lands carry out activities for the expanded reproduction and rational use of the hunting fund in the manner established by the Ministry of Forestry, and in order to develop scientifically based proposals on these issues, allocate funds to conduct relevant research.

The acquisition, storage, transportation and use of hunting weapons and ammunition are carried out in accordance with the established procedure.

* A hunting enterprise is also called a separate hunting enterprise for commercial or sporting purposes - an industrial farm, a sports hunting enterprise, etc. These concepts should not be confused.
The hunting industry meets the needs of the national economy for furs for the fur processing industry, for export, as well as to meet the needs of workers for fur products. In addition, it produces meat from game birds and ungulates. The skins of many wild animals are used to make suede and other leather goods. Antlers - young horns of deer and wapiti - are used in medicine. Musk, extracted from the musk glands of musk deer and some other animals, is used in the manufacture of high-grade perfumes. The best types of felt velor are made from the down of the brown hare. The hunting industry produces feathers and down, including the most valuable type of down - eider down.

The list of hunting products could be continued.

Neither caged (enclosed) fur farming, the objects of which are only the silver-black fox, blue fox, mink, nutria and partly sable, nor livestock farming generally produces products that would completely replace the products of hunting. It is simply impractical to obtain millions of beautiful squirrel, mole, muskrat, ermine, ferret skins and the skins of many other animals by breeding these animals in cages, since the cost of their skins will not cover the costs of their maintenance.

Through hunting, huge natural resources of plant and animal feed are brought into economic circulation and acquire liquid value, which serve as food for game animals and are not used in other sectors of the economy, such as, for example, needles, buds, bark and other parts of tree and shrub vegetation, their seeds and fruits, grasses, algae, lichens, as well as numerous small rodents, insects, mollusks, etc. The territories of tundras, forests, steppes, swamps and overgrown reservoirs, as well as fields, pastures and other areas developed by hunting, acquire additional value as hunting grounds - habitat, grazing and hunting for game animals.

No country in the world has such opportunities for the development of hunting as the Soviet Union. In procurement prices, the products of the USSR hunting industry are valued at hundreds of millions of rubles.

As experience has shown, the development of intensive hunting is successfully combined with the development of agriculture, animal husbandry, especially reindeer husbandry and beekeeping, and other sectors of the economy.

The use of the territory for hunting in combination with other sectors of the economy helps to increase its productivity. A forest that serves only for timber yields significantly less value than the same forest that, along with timber, annually produces sable and squirrel skins, hazel grouse or elk meat. In addition, forest clearings, while the forest is growing, are valuable mainly as hunting grounds. Reservoirs - natural and artificially created - used only for the needs of fisheries, provide less value than reservoirs in which, along with fish, waterfowl, muskrat, muskrat, and nutria live. Creating favorable conditions for the reproduction of these animals makes it possible to increase the profitability of reservoirs. A remote forest river can perfectly serve as a breeding ground for river beavers and become a valuable hunting ground.

Observations have shown that the common belief that wild animals and birds do not tolerate human proximity is wrong. Elk and other animals are now not uncommon near populated areas. Cases of moose entering even within the city limits of Moscow have been recorded more than once. Beavers, not paying attention to the work of agricultural machines, continue to build their dams, prepare food, etc. There are numerous cases of sables entering the camps of various expeditions working in the taiga, and into taiga villages, where the animals come to profit from leftover food.

For many tundra, taiga and mountain taiga regions of the Urals, Siberia and the Far East, occupying more than one third of the country's territory, the extraction of fur and game is one of the most important sources of well-being of the local population. In the budget of a number of collective farms, income from hunting occupies a leading place. For example, on the collective farm named after Kuibyshev in the Ust-Yansky district of the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, they accounted for over 80% of all income. On the collective farm. Molotov Baykitsky district of the Evenki national district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory - 60.2%. Rational management of hunting in these areas is of serious economic importance.

The development of intensive hunting is of considerable importance for all, without exception, including densely populated areas of the country. The presence of game and other game animals creates the prerequisites for the development of amateur hunting, which has important sports, defense and health benefits.

Analysis of data on the output of hunting products shows that with rational hunting management, the output of furs, game and other hunting products per unit area in value terms in a number of so-called non-commercial central and southern regions of the country is higher than in the main commercial areas. But it's not only that. The development of hunting and hunting as such brings benefits that are assessed not only financially. It is well known what role people with hunting skills and hunting skills played in the battles for their homeland. It is widely known what health benefits hunting has - one of the most multifaceted sports that combines walking, skiing, rowing, horse riding (when hunting with greyhounds and golden eagles), tourism, mountaineering and various types of shooting with bullets and shot at a stationary and moving targets. The diversity of hunting as a sport that strengthens the body and develops the ability to overcome the difficulties of camp life, instilling observation, skill as a tracker and the ability to wield a weapon, makes hunting a highly desirable activity for people of all ages. Hunting is especially useful for young people.

Hunting has a great emotional significance, serving as a means of communicating with nature, satisfying aesthetic needs and developing interest in research work in nature. Every hunter is a bit of an artist at heart. Going for a capercaillie lek, a haul or an evening duck flight, the hunter anticipates in advance the pleasure that he will receive from being in the pre-dawn forest or at dusk.

Most observations of nature are inextricably linked with hunting, which teaches us to understand the processes occurring in nature. Much of the zoological research carried out by scientists is based on their personal observations in nature and observations made by hunters. Hunters, as a rule, are the best experts in their region. Many outstanding researchers and writers drew material for their research and creativity from hunting. Observations made during the hunt formed the basis for many works of famous Russian researchers and travelers: Academician Middendorff, N. M. Przhevalsky, A. N. Severtsov and many others. The father of Russian aviation, N. E. Zhukovsky, began his work on aerodynamics by observing the flight of birds while hunting. The great Russian writers I. S. Turgenev and L. N. Tolstoy gave a number of wonderful descriptions of Russian nature, which were based on observations they made while hunting. Who doesn’t know the wonderful sketches made by S. T. Aksakov and Soviet writers-hunters A. N. Tolstoy, M. M. Prishvin, K. G. Paustovsky and others!

In terms of the variety of hunting grounds, the territory they occupy and the abundance of game in them, the Soviet Union has no equal. More than 150 species of game animals and birds inhabit its tundra, taiga, deciduous forests and steppes, mountains and deserts, vast wetlands and reservoirs, and huge tracts of developed land.

The reserves of fur-bearing animals are especially large in our country. The world of ungulates is quite rich and diverse. The reserves of game birds are also large; just listing its types would take several pages. The abundance of waterfowl and swamp game in a number of places is amazing. Particularly noteworthy are such areas as the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia (Barabinskaya steppe), the lower reaches of the Volga and many Siberian rivers. The reservoirs of the tundra in summer are literally teeming with game. During the wintering grounds, a huge amount of game is concentrated in the south of the Caspian Sea. There are large reserves of upland game. There is a lot of game birds in the mountainous and steppe regions of the country.

The rational use of all these resources is the main task of hunting.

Before the Great October Socialist Revolution in Russia, hunting resources were used without concern for their restoration and increase. Amateur hunting, which was purely recreational, was the privilege of the ruling classes. Hunting was carried out in a predatory manner. Careful attitude towards hunting resources and their rational use in the USSR is one of the characteristic examples of the economic, planned use of natural resources under socialism and an indicator of the level of culture of the liberated people - the owner of these resources.

The foundations of the new socialist attitude towards hunting and hunting were laid by the decree “On Hunting”, signed by V.I. Lenin on July 20, 1920. This decree entrusted the state bodies for managing hunting affairs with the organization and management of hunting, including the breeding and protection of game animals . The development of hunting has become a matter for the state and its bodies. They are entrusted with issuing mandatory decrees “on all issues of hunting”, managing the activities of local hunting management bodies, collecting statistical data on hunting throughout the republic, establishing reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, nurseries, hunting parks, experimental farms, organizing hunting guards, directing and control over the activities of hunters’ associations, convening hunting congresses, publishing hunting magazines, etc.

According to the decree of July 20, 1920, the right to hunt was granted to all citizens everywhere, with the exception of “areas where hunting is regulated by special rules.” It has been established that a hunting license is a proof of the right to hunt. Hunting rules have been introduced and penalties for violating them have been established.

Lenin's decree played a huge role in the development of Soviet hunting. The principles contained in it were subsequently implemented in a whole system of hunting activities carried out in the Soviet Union. The system of these measures includes methods of biotechnical influence on hunting grounds and the fur and wild resources available on the territory, as well as issues of organization and technical equipment of hunting facilities.

Hunting activities include:

establishing hunting rules (timing, methods), specific and territorial prohibitions on shooting (capturing) individual animals and birds in order to restore their numbers and organizing hunting supervision (hunting inspection) to monitor their implementation;
correct planning of the size of prey and preparations, taking into account the state of animal reserves, setting limits for shooting (capturing) especially valuable or rare fur-bearing and ungulate animals. For these purposes, organizing a service for forecasting the number of mass species of fur-bearing animals, as well as recording the number of wild animals;
enriching the hunting fauna with new valuable species through acclimatization, as well as re-acclimatization of animals that for some reason disappeared in certain areas, and carrying out various biotechnical measures in hunting grounds to ensure improved feeding, nesting and protective conditions for animals; development and implementation of intensive farming methods;
organization of hunting grounds. Assignment of hunting lands, in order to eliminate impersonality in their use, to state hunting enterprises (industrial farms), collective farms (in the main fishing areas) and hunting societies. Carrying out measures to technically equip hunting grounds with trails, roads, etc.
Work on the extermination of wolves occupies a prominent place among hunting activities.

Practice shows that the greatest effect is obtained when, along with correctly found forms of organizing hunting, the entire complex of hunting activities is carried out. In other words, when the hunting rules and established shooting and production limits are observed for each given year, for each specific area, taking into account the state of game animal reserves; when measures are taken to enrich the fauna with new species that are absent in a given area, provided that all conditions for their habitat are available; when, following hunting management, the purpose of which is to streamline the use of hunting lands, a hunting enterprise is organized, all of whose activities are aimed at the full development of hunting resources and the introduction of intensive farming methods.

The vast experience of socialist construction in our country shows the importance of the organizational issue in solving the most complex problems of the development of various sectors of the national economy.

In the hunting industry, as in all other sectors of the national economy, ultimately the correctly found forms of organization predetermine the question of whether this industry will develop, move forward, or whether it will stagnate and lag behind in its development.

The organizational forms of hunting management did not remain unchanged during the years of Soviet power. In the post-war period, the following main forms of its organization crystallized:

state commercial hunting farms (industrial farms);
farms organized in hunting grounds assigned to collective farms;
farms organized in hunting areas assigned to hunters' societies (sporting farms).
The development of a network of industrial farms, collective farms, and sports farms owned by hunters’ societies is one of the important conditions for eliminating impersonality in the use of hunting lands and increasing the responsibility of the organizations to which they are assigned for the condition and proper exploitation of hunting resources. Currently, the network of all these farms is not large. However, experience shows that with their organization, the productivity of hunting lands increases noticeably, both by establishing general order in the use of land and the distribution of hunters, and by carrying out other hunting activities.

State hunting farms (industrial farms) are organized for the rational and comprehensive use of fur and game resources in areas where conditions allow significant income from hunting to justify the costs of their maintenance. In areas rich in muskrats, which have ample opportunities for the development of muskrat farming, muskrat industrial farms are organized.

Rice. 1. Nest shaft for muskrat

Industrial farms are usually organized within the boundaries of the hunting grounds of an entire administrative region. They are usually divided into several (five to seven) production areas. Work at production sites is supervised by the managers of these sites, who daily monitor the conduct of hunting activities and the extraction of animals, and monitor strict adherence by hunters to the boundaries of the individual or team hunting grounds assigned to them.

A distinctive feature of state muskrat and other industrial farms is the presence of a permanent contingent of personnel on the staff of industrial farms, hunters and trappers on whom the industrial farm relies in all its activities, as well as staff, technical means and a production plan inherent in any state enterprise.

Having started with establishing order in the use of hunting grounds, muskrat industrial farms then began to implement a whole system of measures to improve feeding and nesting conditions for muskrats. A great production effect was achieved by the construction of nesting ramparts - artificial structures on reservoirs, which made it possible for the muskrat to use reservoirs that had few places suitable for its nesting (Fig. 1).

The construction of artificial feeding grounds, which made it easier for the muskrat to use food, was of great importance. More complete use of muskrat lands was facilitated by the construction of canals and swaths among the reeds (Fig. 2). The use of reed mowers for these purposes was one of the first experiences of mechanization of work in the hunting industry. The initiative in this matter belongs to muskrat industrial farms. They have also done a lot to improve the organization of work for muskrat catchers.

All of the above measures made it possible to significantly increase the yield of muskrat skins per unit area.

Rice. 2. Swathing in reed thickets

The experience of Siberian state industrial farms that began work on sable deserves attention.

Over the decade that has passed since the creation of the first state fishing farms, they have accumulated considerable experience in the socialist organization of hunting production, which can be successfully applied in the practice of collective farms in fishing areas, to which hunting grounds are assigned.

With the assignment of hunting grounds to collective farms in the main fishing regions of Siberia and the Far East, a network of collective farm hunting enterprises is being created and will continue to grow. Collective forms of labor are increasingly being introduced on collective farm hunting farms. The use of the centuries-old experience of Siberian commercial hunters, the achievements of advanced Michurin biological science, as well as new technology and organization of the production process has and will contribute to the successful development of collective farm hunting farms.

The head of the collective farm hunting enterprise is, as a rule, the foreman of the permanent hunting brigade of the collective farm. With the consolidation of collective farms and the development of their economy, the prerequisites are created for the servicing of collective farms conducting commercial hunting by hunting specialists who are on the staff of the bodies entrusted with the management of the hunting sector.

Collective farm hunting farms are created in hunting grounds assigned to them in a number of areas of the Irkutsk, Chita, and Tyumen regions. Krasnoyarsk region. Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and other fishing regions of Siberia, the Urals and the Far East.

Collective hunting farms in these areas have a great future. For the development of collective farm hunting farms, as well as for state commercial hunting farms, the correct use of hunting lands, their improvement, organization of work to increase their productivity, as well as the clear organization of the work of collective farm hunters is of great importance.

With a large number of hunters and limited hunting grounds, the need for an artificial increase in game reserves and strict regulation of its use especially increases. Therefore, with the growth of the urban population, the network of farms organized by hunters’ societies is growing and will continue to grow. The larger the city, the more population it has, and therefore the number of hunters, the more farms are organized intended to serve sports hunters.

Near Moscow, for example, there are very few hunting grounds that are not assigned to one or another organization of hunters.

Near small towns, where the needs of local hunters are met by available game resources, sporting farms are usually not created. But this should be considered only as a temporary phenomenon. And the sooner societies of hunters, who feel crowded in hunting areas, begin to assign land to themselves in an appropriate manner and begin organizing hunting farms, the better.

From the point of view of caring for the rational use of game reserves, preserving them and increasing them, it would be best if each regional hunting society was responsible for certain lands and carried out a set of necessary hunting activities in them to ensure a high number of game. In this case, the interests of both urban and rural hunters must be taken into account.

A sport hunting property is, as a rule, a limited natural area of ​​hunting grounds with a main base and sub-bases for stopping hunters, located on their territory or near them, where boats, decoy ducks and other equipment necessary for hunters are located.

The staff of such a farm usually consists of a manager located at the main, central base, and several rangers and game guards located both at the base and in remote areas of the land. They protect these areas and organize hunting there for visiting athletes.

Hunting enterprises for sport purposes have different tasks than commercial enterprises.

Setting themselves the goal of creating the best conditions for hunting, mainly game, for as many hunters as possible, they often use techniques and methods of farming that cannot be acceptable in industrial farms, in particular, they spend significant funds, which cannot always be be covered by the cost of game obtained on the farm. These expenses are compensated by the invaluable benefits that workers receive while relaxing on the hunt.

It is in sport hunting farms that a whole system of such relatively expensive measures is used, such as the installation of artificial healds, the sowing of forage plants to provide food for game, the preparation of food for the winter, in particular for ungulates, the installation of pheasants, the equipment of various artificial structures for nesting game, the incubation of eggs from decoy ducks with the subsequent release of ducklings into hunting grounds, etc.

In sports hunting farms, the tasks of construction, landscaping, etc. are also solved differently than in commercial hunting farms.

For sports hunting farms, it is desirable to construct well-equipped premises such as dachas, where visiting hunters could relax and enjoy their stay in these unique holiday homes.

The presence of rangers and hunting guards ensures the establishment of hiding places, huts, etc., making it easier for hunters unfamiliar with the area to enter the hunting grounds. The rangers are also responsible for maintaining order in the hunting grounds, which is especially important when they are visited by many hunters.

To make the land more accessible, landscaped stopping places for hunters, trails, crossing bridges, etc. are equipped there. In other words, everything is subordinated to creating the most favorable conditions for the recreation of visiting hunters.

A serious omission in the practice of the majority of these farms should be considered that, relying only on the staff of rangers and watchmen, they, as a rule, completely lose sight of the large staff of local forest protection and fisheries supervision, as well as local hunters. And these workers could be involved in the protection of hunting grounds, not only in the performance of their official duties, but also as people personally interested in the successful operation of the farm (by creating appropriate incentives for this).

Meanwhile, the success of various hunting activities on the farm (from the simplest protection of land from poachers up to before carrying out complex work on game breeding).

There are also frequent cases when organizations of hunters, to whom the land is assigned, care only about the convenience of the hunt itself, but forget about game breeding. Such short-sighted practice must be strongly condemned, since it cannot lead to anything other than a decrease in game reserves, and this runs counter to the interests of hunters and the interests of the state, which is concerned about preserving and increasing the state hunting fund.

The organization of hunting enterprises (hunting farms) is preceded by work on game management.

Its tasks include correctly assessing, based on a study of natural conditions and economics, hunting resources and outlining the forms and order of their use in relation to specific hunting areas.

Game management projects include hunting expeditions or teams. They outline the boundaries of the lands assigned to organizations (state industrial farms, collective farms), and also outline the implementation of activities that are necessary for the development and growth of hunting in the hunting area.

Such hunting management work is carried out by special teams in a number of regions of Siberia and the Far East.

The assignment of hunting grounds to hunting societies is carried out on the basis of materials prepared directly by specialists of regional (territorial) hunting departments.

The lands assigned to organizations (state industrial farms, collective farms and hunters' societies) currently constitute only a part of the country's hunting lands. Most of the hunting grounds, called public lands, are exploited impersonally.

The procedure for using the state hunting fund in public lands is determined by the “Rules for hunting and hunting management,” which apply in whole or in part to the entire territory of our country. Hunting supervision (departmental and public) ensures that hunters comply with these rules.

Other hunting activities are also carried out on a large scale in public hunting grounds.

Regulation of the number of wild animals and birds is one of the most important issues in hunting.

By protecting animals, reducing or increasing the intensity of their hunting, creating favorable or unfavorable conditions for their existence, we can influence the state of their numbers, but we are not yet able to completely regulate the number of wild animals in the vast territory of their habitat.

In large areas, regulation of the number of animals is achieved mainly by establishing rules (timing, methods) of hunting, establishing species-specific and territorial prohibitions on shooting (capturing) individual animals, as well as correct planning of the size of the kill and procurement of animals and birds.

The following article is devoted to the issue of hunting rules and hunting supervision (see below); Therefore, let’s move on immediately to consideration of issues related to planning the production of game animals and birds.

The main task of planning the production of game animals is to, while maintaining the required number of producers for the subsequent expanded reproduction of the state hunting fund, annually obtain the maximum possible, ever-increasing production.

In order to correctly plan the harvest of animals, you need to have an idea not only of their numbers in the hunting grounds at the time of the opening of the hunt, but also know what the conditions of their existence are (availability of food, etc.), what are the peculiarities of the biology of each species of animal and how quickly they are able to restore their numbers in given specific conditions.

Planning the size of the harvest of game animals and birds is complicated by the fact that the number of wild animals in hunting grounds is not a constant value, changing from year to year depending on a number of natural factors. It is impossible to use average data for all regions and all years.

The number of animals also changes throughout the year. Under normal conditions, their smallest numbers occur in the spring, when the original number of producers—the main production herd—remains in the hunting grounds.

Towards the end of the breeding season - autumn - the number of animals in the hunting grounds reaches its maximum.

The complex phenomenon of changes in the number of animals, in particular squirrels, hares, foxes, arctic foxes, ermine, wood grouse, black grouse, partridges, is the subject of extensive scientific literature, which can be consulted.

When planning the production and procurement of game animals and birds, procurement statistics data are used (in the USSR, where procurement is centralized and accurate records are kept, these figures are of great value). But you can’t rely only on these data, since the number of animals hunted may depend not only on their number in the area, but also on the fishing conditions (the number of hunters going out fishing, weather conditions favorable or unfavorable for hunting, etc.) .

Finding out more or less accurately what the number of animals is at the beginning of the hunting season is the main task of recording the number and forecasting the “harvest” of game animals.

First of all, the number of especially valuable fur-bearing animals and large ungulates, the hunting of which is strictly regulated quantitatively, is carried out, as well as some mass fur-bearing animals and birds. In relation to common species of wild animals that play a prominent role in fur harvesting, the numbers of which fluctuate sharply from year to year (squirrel, fox, hares and some other species), in addition, a “harvest” forecast service has been organized.

Determination of the number of wild animals is carried out selectively on sample sites or routes with subsequent recalculation of the data obtained - for the entire area of ​​land of similar nature. The number of game animals and birds is counted according to the methodology developed by Soviet scientists. In addition to scientists and hunting specialists, a huge army of hunters, both commercial hunters and sports hunters, who are permanent correspondents of the hunting management departments and the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Hunting (VNIO) and its branches, takes part in this work.

With regard to the number of livestock of valuable animals and some large ungulates, the production of which is strictly limited, they strive to obtain absolute figures.

Work on recording these animals is carried out by hunting specialists, and the state allocates significant funds for this.

The methods for counting the numbers of different species of animals and birds are not the same, since the lifestyle features of different animals are very diverse. In different seasons, the accounting methods are different. The most accurate idea of ​​the number of animals and birds is provided by a complete census at sample sites; route accounting is less accurate.

The number of animals in the area is determined by the tracks left by them, especially along the white trail, and by other signs of their activity (residential burrows, huts, etc.). Recently, an airplane has been used in some cases to count the number of wild animals and birds. This is how herds of saigas and flocks of bustards are taken into account. Experience has shown that the aircraft can be used to count not only those animals that live in open spaces. It was also successfully used to count elk. In the forest, bare of foliage, not only the animals themselves are clearly visible, but also their traces.

When counting animals whose reproduction occurs quickly, and therefore their numbers in hunting grounds change sharply, they are usually content with relative numbers compared to the previous year.

The main material about the number of animals such as squirrel, hare and others is collected from hunters who report their observations by filling out special questionnaires. Thus, hunters also keep records, but in a more primitive form.

Deep knowledge of the biology of the main fur-bearing animals makes it possible today, based on data collected by scientists and a huge team of hunters, to predict the “harvest” of fur-bearing animals. It cannot be said that these forecasts are always completely perfect, but still they greatly facilitate the planning of fur production on the vast territory of our country.

The work of Soviet game managers has proven that when planning the size of animal harvest, it is necessary to very thoughtfully take into account all factors, and that overestimating production and procurement plans in years of low livestock numbers, as well as underestimating them in years of high numbers, are equally harmful. In the first case, this leads to a reduction in the main production herd and slows down the process of restoring animal stocks. In the second, especially if the high number of animals coincides with a year of poor harvest of the main food (for squirrels - coniferous seeds, for foxes and most small predators - mouse-like rodents, for upland birds - berries), this leads to the fact that the available limited reserves of food are quickly destroyed and a significant part of the animals weakened by lack of food die from exhaustion and mass diseases associated with the general weakening of the animal’s body from lack of food.

In this case, not only the current year’s offspring perishes, but also the animals that make up the main production herd. It is clear that in conditions of a large number of animals and a lack of food, intensive shooting of them in the shortest possible time is absolutely necessary, since it allows not only to collect the “harvest”, which without this would die uselessly, but also to save food for the remaining animals on the land. animal parts. With the spread of invasions (helminthic diseases), the thinning of the population as a result of increased harvesting creates more favorable conditions for the survival of the remaining producers on the land.

A very important role in the system of hunting activities is played by government work carried out on a large scale in the Soviet Union to enrich the hunting fauna with new species of various useful animals and birds, leading to a radical transformation of the fauna of entire regions and regions.

Over the past twenty-five years, many thousands of animals of various species have been resettled in the USSR for acclimatization (and re-acclimatization).

As a result of the work carried out, the muskrat has been acclimatized almost everywhere, the valuable fur of which is used both in its natural form and for imitation as a seal or a mink. In a number of regions of Western, Eastern Siberia and the Far East, sable has been successfully reacclimatized. The reacclimatization of the river beaver has been successful, especially in recent years, both in the European part of the USSR and in Western and Eastern Siberia.

The Ussuri raccoon has been acclimatized on the territory of the European part of the USSR. In Siberia, the Far East and some other areas, the eastern (or Siberian) mink, which has more valuable fur than the European mink, is acclimatized.

In a number of regions of Siberia, the brown hare has been acclimatized; in Transcaucasia - nutria (swamp beaver), whose fur is known commercially as “monkey”; in a number of regions of Transcaucasia and the North Caucasus - raccoon. The Teleut squirrel and the Altai squirrel are acclimatized in the Crimea and the Caucasus. Along with these and other fur-bearing animals, sika deer, deer and other animals are settled in a number of regions of the European part of the USSR, Transcaucasia and the Southern Urals.

No country in the world knows such a scale of work to transform the hunting fauna that was achieved in the Soviet Union. The ideas of acclimatization of new animal and plant forms, as a means of revolutionary intervention in nature, were brilliantly embodied in the practical work of Soviet people educated by the Communist Party.

A lot of research, work, thought, and creative inspiration were invested by Soviet scientists, game managers and enthusiastic hunters in solving an important national economic problem - the transformation of the hunting fauna of our country.

For example, work on muskrat acclimatization, which began in the USSR back in 1928 (about 2,500 heads of muskrat were imported into the Soviet Union), was deployed over a vast territory, from our borders in the Far East to the extreme Western borders and from the Arctic to the southern regions of the country .

As a result of the acclimatization of this valuable animal, huge areas of overgrown reservoirs, turned into a kind of fur plantations, are almost everywhere involved in economic turnover.

The muskrat has become one of the leading species in fur harvesting in the Soviet Union and occupies first place in harvesting in a number of areas. Millions of muskrat skins are now being harvested in the USSR. In terms of the number of muskrats harvested in the country, the Soviet Union overtook Canada and took second place in the world (after the USA).

The wide distribution of the muskrat has made it a common animal of our hunting fauna in many areas.

Under the influence of environmental conditions, the muskrat, living in various geographical zones, acquired a number of distinctive features. Fur specialists now distinguish muskrat skins from the Kurgan region from muskrat skins from Southern Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan or Buryat-Mongolia by size and quality of fur. They also differ from their ancestors, imported to the USSR just a quarter of a century ago.

The pace of muskrat acclimatization was greatly influenced by its active intra-regional settlement, which was carried out on a large scale in various parts of the Soviet Union.

Thus, in the Tyumen region, the first release in the Irtysh basin was made on the Demyanka River in 1929. If the muskrat had been left to its own devices, it would probably have to wait many years before it would populate this entire huge basin. But Soviet game managers acted differently. The muskrat was caught and resettled in more and more new locations.

As a result, throughout the entire Irtysh basin, the muskrat quickly populated areas suitable for it. Its annual production here now exceeds 100 thousand pieces.

The task of widespread acclimatization of muskrat and rational use of its reserves, especially in areas with significant areas of muskrat land, would not have been solved without the organization of a network of state muskrat industrial farms and collective farms. These industrial farms have developed new methods of muskrat breeding, ensuring a high yield of pelts per unit area of ​​land inhabited by the animals. Especially great successes have been achieved in this direction by game managers of the Kuibyshev muskrat industrial farm of the Novosibirsk region and the Baikal-Kudarinsky muskrat industrial farm of the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

The system of hunting management activities had an impact on the restoration and increase in the sable population.

To restore its reserves, from the first days of the establishment of Soviet power, vigorous measures were and continue to be taken. General and partial bans on sable hunting, the establishment of sable reserves, extensive work on the re-acclimatization of this animal in its former habitats in the Urals, Western and Eastern Siberia and the Far East, the introduction of a licensing system for its production led to the fact that from time immemorial it served as the main object In the fur trade, the precious animal - the sable, which is the monopoly of the Soviet Union in the foreign trade of furs, again took its rightful place in the extraction and procurement of furs.

There is no doubt that the creation of a wide network of collective farm hunting farms in Siberia will further contribute to the growth in the number and procurement of skins of this animal.

The harvesting curve for sable skins invariably goes up, and the area of ​​its distribution also increases (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Map of the modern distribution and release sites of sable
Work on the resettlement of sables has been especially expanded in recent years.

Great success has been achieved in the acclimatization of the Ussuri raccoon in the European part of the USSR. This animal, which lived only in the Far East, by the will of the Soviet people, and especially through the efforts of the enthusiast of this business, game warden A. I. Zharinov, who died in battles for his homeland, is now widely settled in the Moscow, Kalinin, Novgorod, Pskov, Leningrad, Velikoluksk, Astrakhan, and Grozny regions , in Ukraine, Belarus and a number of other regions of the country. The map below shows how the area of ​​modern distribution of the Ussuri raccoon in the European part of the USSR is greater than the area of ​​its distribution in the Far East (Fig. 4).

Rice. 4. Map of the modern distribution of the Ussuri raccoon (raccoon dog)
The procurement of Ussuri raccoon skins in its new homeland now significantly exceeds the amount of Ussuri raccoon skins provided by the Far East.

In Kalinin and adjacent regions, Ussuri raccoon skins now occupy first place in fur procurement. He became a common beast in these places.

Under the influence of environmental conditions, the hairiness of the Ussuri raccoon, which lives in the European part of the USSR, also changed. His hair has improved.

In order to rationally use the Ussuri raccoon population both in new areas of its habitat and in the Far East, where its reserves have been severely depleted, a licensed system for its production has been introduced throughout the RSFSR.

For the Ussuri raccoon, an extremely trusting, easily hunted animal, this measure was especially necessary. Without it, the successes achieved in the artificial resettlement of the Ussuri raccoon could have been reduced to zero.

Acclimatization of the eastern mink and the brown hare in Siberia and the Far East in Siberia is already providing an economic effect - the skins of animals new to these areas are harvested along with the skins of local species.

Hunters in a number of regions of Siberia have the opportunity to hunt the “Siberian”, a very large brown hare, the prey of which is a good trophy for the most discerning hare hunter.

The river beaver has spread widely, especially in recent years, but the harvesting of this valuable animal for its skin has not yet begun, since many places suitable for beaver habitat have not yet been inhabited by them.

The location of beaver release points is shown on the map below (Fig. 5).

Rice. 5. Map of the distribution of the river beaver and the release site of the river beaver
The main attention in the work on enriching the hunting fauna with new species was and is given to the acclimatization of fur-bearing animals, work with which invariably gives a great economic effect.

At the same time, in the European part of the Soviet Union, work was carried out on the acclimatization of ungulates and game birds. Work on the resettlement of large ungulates is concentrated mainly in nature reserves, as well as in some sport hunting grounds.

In a number of regions of the European part of the USSR, the deer and the sika deer, an inhabitant of the Far Eastern taiga, have been acclimatized. In some central regions, the Caucasian wild boar breeds successfully. In Crimea, the mountain partridge, chukar, has been acclimatized and successfully reproduces. In a number of locations, gray partridge has been artificially settled and experiments have been carried out on the acclimatization of pheasants. Of great interest is the experience of reacclimatization of the gray goose in the Darwin Nature Reserve on the Rybinsk Sea.

All hunting activities, all work on organizing hunting in the USSR are subordinated to one goal - to meet the growing material and cultural needs of the Soviet people.

In the USSR, the bulk of hunters (about 90%) are amateur hunters who hunt in their free time from their main work. Among them are workers, collective farmers, representatives of the intelligentsia, and all those who devote their leisure time to hunting. Amateur hunters, relaxing while hunting, practicing it as a sport, obtain a lot of furs. In most central and southern regions, amateur hunters are the main sellers of furs, and this does not prevent each of them from receiving the satisfaction from hunting for fur-bearing animals that a hunter receives on any hunt. The idea of ​​some comrades is that amateur hunting is only hunting for birds Damn, completely wrong. You can equally successfully engage in fishing for waterfowl or upland game and in amateur, gambling squirrel hunting with a husky.

About 10% are commercial hunters, mainly collective farmers, as well as people who work during the fishing season under contracts with procurement organizations, and in the non-fishing period - in temporary work in various organizations.

The bulk of amateur hunters, especially in cities, unite in hunting societies. The work of hunters' societies is based on the principle of amateur activity.

Their task is to involve the broad masses of workers in the hunting sport, instill cultural hunting skills and assist government agencies in the management of hunting.

Hunter societies carry out a great deal of educational work among their members and the general public by organizing lectures, reports, publishing posters and leaflets on issues related to hunting.

A lot of work is being done by dog ​​breeding societies. They organize broods, exhibitions of hunting dogs, field trials and competitions, contract puppies, organize training centers for hunting dogs, etc.

Teams of wolf hunters created by societies take an active part in the extermination of this harmful predator.

An important part of the work of hunters' societies is to facilitate the implementation of fur and game procurement plans and participate in the fight against poaching.

Hunter societies have their own enterprises for the production of hunting equipment, workshops for repairing hunting weapons, shops and stalls where hunters can purchase ammunition, hunting weapons and equipment.

Grassroots collectives are organized at enterprises, collective farms, MTS, state farms, institutions and educational institutions. In rural areas they are united by regional hunters' societies. District and city hunters' societies unite into regional, regional and republican hunters' societies.

The highest body of a (regional, regional, republican) society is a conference of the society, convened at least once every two years. The conference elects the society's council. The council of the society manages all work and manages the funds of the society.

The funds of hunters' societies consist of entrance and annual fees from members of the society, income from enterprises, subsidies from public organizations, deductions from procurement organizations for furs and game donated by members of the society, and other revenues.

The hunting society is a legal entity with all the ensuing rights and obligations.

Where there are no hunter societies yet, this has a negative impact on organizational work with hunters: it is essentially not developed.

Management of the activities of hunters' societies and control over their work is carried out by hunting management bodies.

In addition to territorial hunter societies, in the USSR there is the All-Army Military Hunting Society, as well as hunting sections of the Dynamo sports society.

In the main fishing areas, commercial hunters on collective farms are united in collective farm hunting teams, headed by a foreman appointed by the collective farm board. The work of a permanent collective farm hunting brigade is based on the same principles as the work of other collective farm brigades (field cropping, gardening, fishing, etc.).

Organizational work with hunters on collective farms is carried out by the lower bodies of the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Procurement, which include relevant specialists.

An important place in the work is occupied by the training of young hunters through sections of young hunters in hunting societies. On collective farms, the training of young hunters, as a rule, is organized through individual training (conducted by the father, older brother, etc.) or through apprenticeship, carried out at the expense of procurement organizations by experienced hunters, who receive training for each young hunter who completes 50% established production norm, special remuneration.

In order to promote new, rational methods of hunting and the implementation of hunting activities in the USSR, books, brochures and leaflets, as well as posters on various issues of hunting are published.

It should, however, be recognized that the exchange of experience among hunters, both amateurs and commercial hunters, is still extremely insufficient.

The publishing house “Physical Culture and Sports” regularly publishes the collection “Hunting Spaces” (four books were published before 1955). Since 1952, the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Hunting began to publish a special bulletin on hunting issues. However, the absence of a special hunting magazine published in mass circulation has a daily impact on all work with hunters.

The most common form of work with hunters are general meetings or conferences of hunters united in hunting societies, and hunter gatherings held before the start of the autumn-winter fishing season by fur-harvesting organizations together with hunter societies. At such meetings and gatherings, reports are given on the results of the activities of hunting organizations and the tasks of hunters, various issues of interest to hunters are discussed, and appropriate explanatory work is carried out with them.

Hunters' needs for hunting weapons, ammunition, various fishing gear and items of hunting equipment are fulfilled through shops and stalls of hunters' societies and the trading network of other organizations.

Commercial hunters are supplied with all of the listed items by Zagotzhivozyre, Tsentrosoyuz and some other organizations involved in fur procurement.

The hunting industry as a branch of the national economy is managed by the Main Directorate for Nature Reserves and Hunting, created in 1953 as part of the USSR Ministry of Agriculture. In the Union republics, hunting management bodies are part of the relevant Ministries of Agriculture.

In the RSFSR and a number of other republics, hunting management bodies are part of the regional and regional agricultural departments and, accordingly, the ministries of agriculture of the ASSR.

In a number of regions, territories, the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and union republics, there are interdistrict state hunting inspectors who are entrusted with state hunting supervision over the safety of the state hunting fund and compliance with established hunting rules.

Hunting management bodies extend their activities to all institutions and organizations related to hunting, the extraction and procurement of hunting products, hunting sports, as well as hunting dog breeding.

The development of hunting required and daily requires its comprehensive study. Research work on various issues of hunting is carried out by the All-Union Research Institute of Hunting (VNIO), its departments and zonal laboratories, a number of branches of the USSR Academy of Sciences, state reserves, the Research Institute of Polar Agriculture, Livestock Husbandry and Fishing, as well as institutes that train hunting specialists, and a number of departments at state universities.

The successes achieved in generalizing best practices and scientific development of individual problems in the development of the raw material base of the hunting industry, its organization and technical equipment, made it possible to introduce a number of progressive forms of organization and methods of its management into the practice of hunting. The greatest successes have been achieved in the field of studying the country's fur wealth, methods of accounting and forecasting the number of fur-bearing animals, marketing of fur-bearing animal skins and their primary processing.

The problems of typology and grading of hunting grounds, problems associated with the use of game birds, have not yet been sufficiently developed, although more and more attention has been paid to these issues recently. The development of general issues of theory and practice of organizing hunting, its economics, issues of labor and life of hunters is still lagging significantly behind.

The Soviet Union has organized training for hunting specialists—game managers of medium and high qualifications.

Preserving and developing the best traditions of the first Russian game managers - Sabaneev, Silantyev, Buturlin, Zhitkov and others, discarding everything backward and conservative, the Soviet game management school prepares advanced, cultural, biologically, technically and economically literate game managers who are capable of successfully solving the issues of hunting development in practice .

Currently, the Irkutsk Agricultural Institute is training highly qualified game managers.

The Moscow Zootechnicum, as well as the Novosibirsk and Yakutsk technical schools of the Centrosoyuz, train hunting specialists and semi-qualified technicians.

The successes achieved by Soviet science and Soviet game managers in reconstructing the raw material base of the hunting industry and developing new, socialist forms of its organization and methods of management do not give the right to complacency. It is not in the nature of Soviet people to calm down where there are enormous, not yet exhausted opportunities. In the development of hunting, the formation of the hunting fauna of our country and the introduction of new, socialist forms and methods of hunting, there is no end to such opportunities.

Diversity of opinions about what hunting should be like in Russia. wide - from the ideas of free access to the lands for everyone to the requirements for hunting users to justify the prices for licenses. But no one asks the question about the volume of investment. I propose to discuss the question “How to make Russian hunting a business?”

EXPERIENCE OF A HUNTING OWNER

Reports on successful farms in Europe, America and Africa have been published many times. You always have to envy the conditions in which hunts take place and the trophies that are obtained there. All this is the result of serious investments and a business approach to organizing activities.

In this article, under the term “business” I propose to consider the classical scheme: investments, return on investment, return on fixed capital, profitability of the current activities of the enterprise. It is from such positions that it is necessary to diagnose the state of Russian hunting as a sector of the economy.

Why is this necessary? The process of transition from the Soviet economy to a market economy and competitiveness has not yet been completed. Different sectors of the economy have changed and are changing at different speeds. A number of industries have long been formed and become competitive on a global scale (IT, communications, grain production, and so on), some are in the process of transition (housing and communal services, transport, etc.), and some have not yet begun the transformation. This is exactly the case with hunting as a branch of the economy. The whole point of the discussion today is how to make hunting cheap and accessible to everyone. There is no other way to pose this question anywhere in the world. The answer to this can only be given by the state, which will bear all the costs, but we have already been through this...

If an industry becomes attractive for business, investments flow there, competition arises, and a “price-quality of services” ratio is established that suits both the consumer and the investor. The number of quality offers is growing sharply, brands are being created and reputation is improving. The consumer only benefits from this. An unlimited number of examples of such transformation can be given. Soviet devastation is changing to a civilized market of services. Let us at least remember Soviet stores...

UNLOFITABILITY OF RUSSIAN HUNTING MANAGEMENTS

The thesis about the unprofitability of hunting farms is constantly heard. Nobody even argues with this. Everyone has come to terms with this and considers it a fact.

Currently, there are several thousand hunting farms in Russia. I don’t know the exact figure, but the estimate from above shows that there are at least 10,000 of them. Of these, tens of times fewer provide services to third-party hunters. What's the matter? The owner of the farm has two options - keep it for his own hunting or create an enterprise providing hunting services. Elementary calculations show that the first way is several times cheaper than the second. Investing in infrastructure for commercial hunting (guest facilities, staff, transportation, roads, animal feeding) without a clear plan for return on investment is economic madness. This is the answer to the question of what other farms do - they work for the owner, these are 3-5 hunts a year and the requirements for infrastructure, number of personnel, etc. are completely different. Financing such a “toy” does not require large investments - 1–2 million rubles. When you get tired of it, they will resell it to another hunting enthusiast.

Our hunting farm “Dnepr-Holm” has existed for a little less than three years. It was created on the site of the former municipal unitary enterprise, which “died of exhaustion.” The territory of 50 thousand hectares was a “scorched desert”, since no biotechnical work was carried out, there was no protection of the territory in principle, and poachers felt at ease. I think this situation is typical for the emergence of most private hunting enterprises in Russia.

When building the hunting farm, the task was set to provide services for organizing hunting. The staff was selected from among local residents. The first two years were spent on developing the territory: roads, clearings, fields, towers, salt licks. Various equipment was purchased (more than 20 units), hunting was organized, and a personnel motivation system was introduced, which taught people how to earn money and not wait for handouts.

For me, this time was spent on understanding the functioning mechanisms of the hunting industry, on understanding the systemic problems associated with hunting in our climatic conditions, with the quality of the work of “local specialists,” and with the peculiarities of the mentality of the Russian hunter.

Farms that today provide commercial hunting services cannot, from a conventional point of view, be called business enterprises. Either they receive subsidies from their owners on an ongoing basis, or their revenue is only enough to cover current expenses, and there is no talk of a return on investment. Some farms still use Soviet infrastructure and investments from the same time in breeding animals on their farms. Someone is lucky, and all the animals from the area come towards them and they can beat him “as much as you like.” Such examples can be given, but these are exceptions, a happy coincidence, and not business.

The climatic and biological characteristics of the Russian territory, as well as its fertility, are not conducive to biological diversity and the growth of animal populations. We have few species of animals that can be hunted on a large scale; the size of their populations is, as a rule, small, and the number of licenses for each hunting area is measured in units, rarely in dozens (except for wild boar). Our soil fertility is low, we have harsh winters, high snow cover, and high mortality of animals in winter. But this is our land, and we need to learn how to work and build a business on it.

ECONOMY OF MODERN HUNTING

Frequent discussions about the high price of commercial hunting are absolutely meaningless - the price covers only part of the real cost of hunting and maintaining a hunting farm. In fact, the owner pays extra to “his” farm for each hunt conducted; almost every hunt is subsidized. And where is the business here?

A little about the economics of hunting in the wild.

On our farm, thanks to the system of income and expense budgets, it is very clear how expensive hunting in the wild is. Main expense items: staff salaries - 40%, transport maintenance - 40%, biotechnical measures - 15%, other expenses - 5%.

As for transport, in Russian conditions it makes sense to operate the most advanced types of equipment - UAZs, Burans, STELS ATVs and others. The reason is that everything breaks in the hands of men. Unlike expensive imported ones, they can repair these machines themselves using a “sledgehammer and chisel.” All attempts I know to use expensive ATVs, snowmobiles and the like have been unsuccessful - our people simply do not know how to handle equipment carefully.

There is no point in building or repairing roads in the lands; you can only clean them. I started with repairs, but all my work went down the drain - timber trucks drove through the mud and destroyed everything. Therefore, we bought the TTM tracked transporter, although the cost of its operation is enormous.

The equipment is used year-round: detours, salt licks, fertilizing, cutting aspens, and so on. The volume of biotechnical work is enormous, so the equipment is operated intensively and consumes a lot of fuel. On our farm, monthly expenses for fuel and spare parts are 60 thousand and 40 thousand rubles, respectively. I gave these expenses as an example - they are not visible to visiting hunters. Just to cover them, you need to shoot 10 yearling wild boars every month, based on the average price for a yearling of 10 thousand rubles, and 120 per year. In our conditions, it is not yet possible to get so many wild boars.

Income from elk hunting is small, since, based on the current price of hunting with all services of 55 thousand rubles and the usual number of licenses of 5–10 pieces, their total financial contribution is 275–550 thousand rubles.

Income from hunting feathers and small animals does not provide significant financial income.

All that remains is the income from the hunting base. But when used only on weekends, they do not significantly cover the costs of maintenance and repairs. If the base provides services not only to hunters, then this is a different type of business that has nothing to do with hunting. It makes no sense to consider a situation where income from the base subsidizes hunting.

The above calculations show that the farm has very few sources of income from hunting in the wild without violating the law.

The experience of foreign farms shows that the main share of revenue comes from the services provided for organizing hunting and the cost of trophies, and only then – the cost of meat (shooting of non-trophy animals). The meat of the shot trophy does not belong to the hunter, it must be paid for separately!

In our country, we have a peculiar attitude towards hunting. Most hunters go hunting for meat, not trophies. There is nothing like this anywhere in the world. Our common poor Soviet past still holds us tenaciously in its embrace. The cost of hunting is viewed through the prism of the cost of a kilogram of domestic animal meat on store shelves. This is the essence of our problems. Society looks at hunting through the eyes of a poacher, who sees a certain amount of meat in any animal. Trophy qualities, the process of hunting as art and ritual are on the periphery of consciousness; Usually all hunters require meat shooting on the first day of hunting. Hunting farms are assessed from the point of view of shooting speed; no additional services in the field of hunting are in demand.

Based on this, we can conclude that it is pointless to talk about the selection of trophy animals and targeted hunting for them. The lack of a hunting culture and focus on meat production makes this profitable area impossible for hunting in the wild.

This approach is a death sentence for the current hunting management system. In these conditions, investing in the development of hunting services and creating offers on the market makes no sense. The industry is doomed to stagnation, attempts to achieve profitability of farms result in additional pressure on the animal world, which will quickly degenerate and disappear.

In Russian conditions, any hunting enterprise that provides commercial services without an enclosure and tries to support itself independently certainly puts excessive pressure on nature.

WHAT TO DO?

There seems to be only one way out - the creation of a large number of enclosures for semi-free keeping of animals. In our climatic conditions, this is the only way to have large populations of game animals, not to depend on state hunting rules and the number of licenses obtained, to conduct hunts all year round, and to breed trophy animals. This is an opportunity to build a business in the hunting industry. This will take the colossal pressure off the wild world and allow animal populations to begin to recover. Of course, hunting in the wild will continue, traditional hunts for us will continue, but hunting farms will no longer see hunting wild animals as the only source of their existence. Perhaps it is worth introducing a legislative requirement that the hunting user is obliged to create an enclosure after a certain period of time.

In my opinion, this is the only opportunity to develop hunting as a business without destroying nature.

Our farm has developed a business development plan for the next three years. Due to intensive biotechnical activities, the number of main commercial animal species increases annually. The number of licenses received from the state is constantly increasing. But this is the result of not only the intensive reproduction of animals. Our farm is the only one in the region that conducts commercial hunting. The remaining five farms work only for their owners and are partly reproduction areas for us, since we attract animals from all over the area. Using the model of the operation of the farm, it is clear that only with a doubling of revenue from hunting (in two to three years we will achieve this figure) will the farm reach an unsustainable return on current costs. If all the farms in the region start working like this, then nature will not withstand the load...

We found an alternative approach for the development of a hunting farm - creating an open-air cage, forming a population of various types of game animals. This will allow hunting to be carried out year-round, evenly loading the infrastructure and ensuring a constant flow of revenue. Intensive use of an enclosure can give a financial result significantly higher than hunting in the wild.

WHAT SHOULD THE AVIARY BE?

The traditional Russian approach to enclosures is a fenced area within which various species of animals somehow live. No additional zones are provided except for the queen cell. No breeding work is expected. The real effectiveness of such an enclosure is low, since animals interfere with each other, degenerate, can kill other individuals, and so on. In the world, breeding animals in enclosures has long been developed and is a normal business both in agriculture (breeding for meat) and in the hunting industry (breeding animals for shooting and raising trophy specimens). There is a large amount of specialized literature that describes models and technologies for operating such farms. But if in Europe or New Zealand enclosures are a means of obtaining outstanding trophies, then for Russia this is the only “recipe” for hunting.

ECONOMY OF THE AVIARY

Creating an aviary requires large investments. First of all, this is the purchase of land and installation of a fence. Old, partially overgrown farmland is best suited for purchasing land. The forest fund in Russia can only be rented, so its inclusion in the enclosure area always carries a certain risk. The fence could be built from anything, but it is better to use proven technological solutions adopted all over the world. We are talking primarily about a mesh with a fixed node, which is already sold in Russia.

In 2012, on our farm, an enclosure with an area of ​​110 hectares was built, the length of the fence is almost 6 kilometers. We made the enclosure thoroughly: we used the best materials (special English mesh for enclosures, thick-walled drill pipes as pillars), deepened the pillars into the ground one and a half meters and concreted them. The cost of materials and installation of 1 kilometer of fence is more than a million rubles. The prospect for the development of the enclosure is the possibility of adding additional zones in the future. The territory that is available to us allows us to create a system of enclosures with a total area of ​​400 hectares. The economy of the enclosure is determined by the number and composition of animals. Here, each farm can choose its own path and offer its own set of hunts throughout the year. You can bet on the number of animals and shoot them in “royal” driven hunts, you can bet on growing unique trophies, but this takes years. You can come up with something unique for our conditions and end up being the only one on the market.

Wild boar is of little interest, since it has a fairly large wild population and the price is low. In addition, the risk is great - African swine fever can reduce the population in the enclosure, which has been created for several years, to zero.

Elk - no fence can hold him. Only wild population.

Deer (various species), fallow deer - live well in enclosures.

Mouflon lives, but requires additional hoof care. Roe deer - only small groups, but there is experience in rearing. Exotics (ostriches, bison, etc.) - you can try...

BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

Another big difficulty in building a hunting farm as a business is the lack of qualified personnel. The hunting farm must be managed as an ordinary enterprise. If we consider a farm as a business, then it is necessary to implement a number of absolutely standard procedures: developing a business plan, creating business processes, drawing up budgets for income and expenses, maintaining records, developing job descriptions, and so on. Finding local specialists familiar with these concepts is impossible, given the geography of the farms. People still live without this and sincerely do not understand why it is needed. If you hire only local residents, the management system will be based on “community-tribal” relations, as is customary in the outback. Everyone is friends, everyone covers for each other... For them, an investor is a “big white stupid man” who is not a sin to deceive.

In our farm, these issues are resolved as follows: the parent company not only finances the farm, but also provides patronage in all areas of organizational support: financial management, human resources department, legal department, IT service. Everywhere there are employees who supervise the hunting area, train and advise staff, and monitor ongoing work.

A new director has come to our farm. This event was preceded by a month and a half search for candidates for this position. Ads were placed on HeadHunter and SuperJob. There were many applicants, but their resumes and series of meetings were terrifying at the level of their competence.

Now, with the arrival of a new non-local director, the farm is undergoing a serious reorganization. Naturally, a stranger cannot fit into “community-tribal” relations. They were “dismantled” and new rules were established. For myself, I concluded that the staff should not be associated with the local community. It's easier and cheaper!

CONCLUSION

In this article, I tried to present my subjective point of view on the economics of hunting and ways out of the current situation in the Russian hunting industry. This article was written at the request of the magazine's editor-in-chief.

Hunter74 08-06-2009 13:20

Hello everybody.
Colleagues, I have a question. What is needed is a competent opinion, advice, guidance - something like that.
There are 170 hectares of land owned. On the earth there is a forest, fields, and a river. Among the animals are wild boars, moose, foxes and wolves. There are waterfowl and field game.
Actually a question.
We want to organize a private hunting enterprise, but it’s not clear where to start.
Is it possible to simply hunt there within the permitted time frame (the land is private) or not?
If not, then where can I get a permit for this matter, what is the general legal procedure for legalizing hunting on this piece of land.
Thank you.

zdoros 08-06-2009 23:33

quote: How to organize a private hunting enterprise

Hunter74 09-06-2009 11:14

Thank you. I respect the laws.

Hunter74 09-06-2009 11:17

Then maybe tell me who to get and what documents to hunt on this land on a general basis. Obviously, she is not included in any hunting grounds of any society. Maybe somewhere in the district administration?
Thank you.

Pasha911 09-06-2009 13:27

Don't make people laugh. Hunting area of ​​170 hectares. Each ungulate pen we have is 2 times larger than your “hunting farm.” But it is convenient to guard; the entire property can be seen through binoculars.

Hunter74 09-06-2009 18:03

quote: Originally posted by Pasha911:

Don't make people laugh. Hunting area of ​​170 hectares. Each ungulate pen we have is 2 times larger than your “hunting farm.” But it’s convenient to guard, the whole property can be seen through binoculars

zdoros 09-06-2009 21:47

[B]Then can you tell me who to get and what documents to hunt on this land on a general basis. Obviously, she is not included in any hunting grounds of any society. Maybe somewhere in the district administration?
Thank you.

It may not be included if this territory is the so-called green zone around cities. Let's say we have this territory. defined by a ring road around the regional center. This means that for hunting you need to look nearby, beyond the boundaries of this collective farm. Go to yubl or paradise. Department of Hunting, only they will give specifics. By the way, collective farm fields are someone’s shares, and therefore property, but these fields are included in the hunting grounds. You may be mistaken about your land.