Presentation for a dedicated class hour Author: Chenishkhova Shigotykh Medzhidovna, mathematics teacher MBOU Secondary School No. 3 a. Egerukhay Koshekhablsky district

ABOUT SPACE

Presentation of a class hour for Cosmonautics Day. Goal: to develop an idea of ​​space, to familiarize students with the science of astronomy and the profession of an astronaut. give students an idea of ​​what a spaceship, orbital station, Universe, galaxy, weightlessness, outer space, lander is; expand their ideas about stars and planets; introduce children to the biography of the first cosmonaut - Yu. Gagarin; history of space exploration; to cultivate the desire to always achieve a set goal, to be independent, to develop techniques of analysis, synthesis, comparison, visual memory, imagination; Teach children to listen thoughtfully and carefully.

Since ancient times, people began to think about the questions: “What is space? What if there is life on other planets besides planet Earth?” And then scientists and designers created the first Vostok spacecraft. A spaceship is a complex technical system. And before putting a person in it, the equipment must be checked.

Before man flew into space, animals were there. The dog Laika was the first to go into space. At that time, people still knew very little about space, and spacecraft did not yet know how to return from orbit. Therefore, Laika remained forever in outer space.

3 years after the unsuccessful flight of the dog Laika, two dogs are already sent into space - Belka and Strelka. They spent only one day in space and successfully landed on Earth.

In addition to Russia, Americans were also interested in space. They also used animals to test new rocket technology. The first monkey in America to fly into space on a Red Stone rocket.

After the successful flight of animals into space, the road to the stars became open for man. After 8 months, a man went into space on the same spaceship on which the dogs Belka and Strelka flew. On April 12, 1961, at 6:07 a.m., the Vostok launch vehicle launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. For the first time in the world, a spaceship with a person on board burst into the vastness of the Universe.

The ship was piloted by Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin. He was the first person to see with his own eyes that the Earth was truly round, truly mostly covered with water, and truly magnificent.

First cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin On the Vostok-1 spacecraft, senior lieutenant Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin circled the Earth once

Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin is the world's first cosmonaut. Born into a simple worker-peasant family on March 9, 1934 in the city of Gzhatsk in the Smolensk region. The family was large - four children. Yura was the third child. The Gagarin family lived in the village of Klushino. Parents worked on a collective farm, children were early accustomed to housework: caring for domestic animals, helping parents in the fields. In those days, children from peasant families really wanted to study, Yura, not yet a schoolboy, went to class with his older sister, participated in school evenings and read poetry.

Yura went to first grade on September 1, 1941, but classes at school stopped on October 1, as the front was approaching. The Gagarin family did not have time to evacuate and remained “under the Germans” for a whole year and a half. The Nazis settled in their house, and the family was forced to live in a dugout, which Yura’s father hastily dug. The older children, Valentin and Zoya, were taken to Germany. In the spring of 1943, the village was liberated by our troops. On March 9, 1943, school resumed. Since the Germans burned the school, lessons were held at the teacher’s home.

The older children managed to escape from captivity, and Valentin ended up in the active army, fought as a tank driver, and Zoya served as a nurse at a hospital, returning home only in 1946. In 1946, the Gagarin family moved to Gzhatsk. After the 6th grade, Yura entered a vocational school in Lyubertsy - near Moscow. Yura graduated from college and the seventh grade of evening school with honors. Then he was enrolled in the Saratov Industrial College. In technical school, Yuri became seriously involved in sports, was interested in theater, literature and physics, and was involved in a flying club.

After technical school, Yuri Alekseevich entered the Chkalov Aviation School. After college he worked in the Arctic. The work of a polar explorer pilot is hard, but Yuri’s physical training helped him. Yuri Alekseevich did not say anything to his relatives and friends about flying into space. Gagarin's family learned that a man had flown into space from the news on April 12, 1961. On April 12, 1961, the Vostok-1 ship with a person on board made one full revolution around the Earth in 108 minutes, this person was Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin.

Descent vehicle. In which Yuri Gagarin landed. Yuri Alekseevich after landing.

How do astronauts prepare for flights? A centrifuge simulator is used to train astronauts. This huge, 18-meter pin creates the overloads that the astronaut experiences during the flight. She herself rotates in a circle, her head also rotates, inside her head the cabin rotates, and inside the cabin the chair with the astronaut rotates.

When underwater training is carried out, the station, along with the platform, the cosmonauts and divers being trained, is lowered under water into a hydro pool.

This is how they work in a hydro pool.

For more than 30 years, all cosmonauts, preparing for flight, for weightlessness, have been training in the so-called “flying laboratory”. This is the main simulator for practicing work skills in the absence of gravity to the Earth.

How do astronauts live in a rocket? In space there is no air to breathe, there is no water, much less there is no food. All this is loaded into the spacecraft on the ground and then consumed in flight. There is nothing in space except emptiness and sunlight. It is light that powers the spacecraft through solar panels.

On the ship, all objects, including animals, are in a state of weightlessness. On earth, all objects have weight; they are attracted to the earth's surface. This doesn't happen in space. Inside the spacecraft, all objects are fixed on special holders. Otherwise they would all be flying.

The astronaut's clothing is a spacesuit. Cosmonauts wear it during the launch and descent of a rocket, when they go into outer space.

During the launch and descent of the rocket, the astronauts lie down in a special “Bed”.

What do astronauts eat? Astronauts eat food that is stored in canned form. Before use, canned food and tubes are heated, and packages with first and second courses are diluted with water.

Research in space Biological (plants are grown, various experiments are carried out). Medical observations (the effect of space on the body); Technical observations (provide space and radio-television communications, study the surface of the earth, report on places where minerals are discovered).

Astronauts report natural disasters: forest fires

About places in the mountains where snow falls can occur.

About storms on the seas

Checking the weather forecast

In just 51 years since the first manned space flight, 100 astronauts have been in space, including 3 women.

Father of Rocket Science

Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky

(1857-1935)

A great contribution to the development of rocket science was made by K.E. Tsiolkovsky.

He was not only able to theoretically substantiate the possibility of space flights, but also to calculate individual parameters of the launch vehicle. He is the founder of practical modern rocketry in our country.

Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky - a teacher from Kaluga who knew physics, mathematics, chemistry, astronomy, and mechanics well. He is the author of airship projects, works in the field of aerodynamics and rocketry, one of the founders of the theory of interplanetary communications using rockets, and the developer of the principle of rocket propulsion. Many of his contemporaries considered him crazy. The scientist was able to outline the path along which humanity went into space.

General Designer – founder of modern cosmonautics

Sergei Pavlovich Korolev

( 1906 -1966)

Soviet scientist, designer and organizer of the production of rocket and space technology and missile weapons. Founder of practical astronautics.

The largest figure of the 20th century in the field of space rocketry and shipbuilding, together with the German designer Wernher von Braun. With the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite into orbit in 1957, a new era in human history, the space age, began.

He was small, this very first artificial satellite of our old planet, but his sonorous call signs spread across all continents and among all peoples as the embodiment of the daring sword of humanity.

S. Korolev

WITH . P . Korolev at the flight control center.

The first cosmonauts

The first animal launched into Earth orbit was the dog Laika. It was launched into space on November 3, 1957 at half past five in the morning Moscow time.

The first spacecraft to reach the Moon

September 14, 1959 The Luna 2 probe reached the surface of another celestial body for the first time in the world. The device made a hard landing and crashed on the surface of the Moon. Inside it was a metal ball, which shattered into fragments. They contained images of the coat of arms of the Soviet Union and the inscription “USSR”.

On August 19, 1960 it was launched. Second Vostok-class satellite ship, with dogs Belka and Strelka , and with them 40 mice, 2 rats, various flies, plants and microorganisms. They flew around the Earth 17 times and landed.

For the first time in the world

April 12, 1961 At 9 hours 7 minutes, the Soviet Union launched the Vostok spacecraft with a person on board into Earth orbit. The very first human flight into space lasted 108 minutes. During this time, the ship circled the Earth once.

He was the very first

Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin

( 1934-1968)

USSR pilot-cosmonaut,

Hero of the Soviet Union,

colonel, first man,

having flown into outer space

1. Gagarin Yuri Alekseevich (Vostok-1)

2. Titov German Stepanovich (Vostok-2)

3. Nikolaev Andriyan Grigorievich (Vostok-3)

4. Popovich Pavel Romanovich (East-4)

5. Bykovsky Valery Fedorovich (Vostok-5)

6. Tereshkova Valentina Vladimirovna (East-6)

7. Komarov Vladimir Mikhailovich (Voskhod-1)

9. Egorov Boris Borisovich (Voskhod-1)

10. Belyaev Pavel Ivanovich (Voskhod-2)

11. Alexey Arkhipovich Leonov (Voskhod-2)

First woman astronaut

Valentina Vladimirovna Nikolaeva-Tereshkova.

The world's first female astronaut. Hero of the Soviet Union. Pilot-cosmonaut, colonel, candidate of technical sciences.

First time in outer space

Alexey Arkhipovich Leonov

On March 18-19, 1965, together with Pavel Belyaev, he flew into space as a co-pilot on the Vostok-2 spacecraft. Flight duration 1 day 2 hours 2 minutes 17 seconds. During this flight, Leonov made the first spacewalk in the history of astronautics, lasting 12 minutes 9 seconds.

The world's first planetary rover

On November 17, 1970, the Lunokhod-1 lander landed on the lunar surface. For more than 10 months, Lunokhod-1 moved along the surface of the Earth's satellite. He traveled 10.5 km, transmitted 25 thousand photographs, information about the properties and chemical composition of lunar soil.

First orbital station

Schematic representation of the Salyut-1 station and the Soyuz spacecraft

The first long-term station was Salyut-1, launched into low-Earth orbit by the Soviet Union. The Salyut had one docking port; its supply and refueling were impossible. The station existed for 175 days (of which 22 days were inhabited). After it there was the Mir station. Now the ISS is in orbit.

International Space Station (March 2009)

First on Mars

The first artificial object on Mars was a pennant with the symbols of the USSR, which got there on board the descent module from the Mars-2 probe. Following him, Mars-3 landed on Mars (5 days later)

International Cosmonautics Day Sokurova Natalya Gennadievna MAOU Secondary School No. 18 April 12 5) All-Russian Olympiad in Literature “Pushkin’s Fairy Tales” 2015 - 2nd degree diploma. 6) All-Russian Olympiad on the environment “Breath of Nature” 2015 - 3rd degree diploma.

This launch opened the space age in human history. April 4, 1957. The Sputnik launch vehicle was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, which placed the world's first artificial Earth satellite into low-Earth orbit.

The world's first artificial Earth satellite with a living creature. On November 3, 1957, the Second Soviet artificial earth satellite was launched. On board was the dog Laika.

For the first time in the world, living beings, having been in Space, returned to Earth. On August 19, 1960, the Vostok satellite ship was launched with the dogs Belka and Strelka on board. On August 20, 1960, Belka and Strelka returned safely to Earth.

April 12, 1961 is the day of triumph of the human mind. For the first time in the world, a spaceship with a person on board burst into the vastness of the Universe. At 6:07 a.m., the Vostok launch vehicle launched the Soviet spacecraft Vostok with Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin into low-Earth orbit. The call sign of the first cosmonaut on Earth was “Kedr.” The flight lasted 1 hour 48 minutes. After completing one revolution around the Earth, the spacecraft's descent module landed on the territory of the USSR in the Saratov region.

The first daily space flight was made by cosmonaut German Stepanovich Titov from August 6 to 7, 1961 on the Vostok-2 spacecraft. On August 6, 1961, at nine o'clock in the morning Moscow time, on the Vostok-2 spacecraft, he ascended into low-Earth orbit and spent 25 hours and 11 meters in it, circling the Earth 17 times - this is how many cosmic dawns were seen by man for the first time. The world's second cosmonaut took the first photographs of the Earth, had lunch and dinner in weightlessness for the first time, and, most importantly, managed to sleep in space, which was one of the most important experiments.

The world's first flight into space by a woman was carried out by Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova on June 16 - 19, 1963 on the Vostok-6 spacecraft.

The world's first flight of a multi-seat spacecraft. On October 12, 1964, the Voskhod launch vehicle launched the Soviet spacecraft Voskhod into orbit. Cosmonauts V. Komarov, K. Feoktistov, B. Egorov were the first in the world to fly without spacesuits.

The first human spacewalk in history was carried out by Alexey Arkhipovich Leonov on March 18, 1965 (Voskhod-2 spacecraft). Alexey Leonov moved away from the ship to a distance of 5 meters and spent 12 minutes 9 seconds in outer space outside the airlock.

On December 2, 1971, the descent vehicle of the automatic interplanetary station "Mars-3" made a soft landing on the surface of Mars. 1.5 minutes after landing, the station was brought into working condition and began transmitting a video signal to Earth.

The first countries to send their people into space USSR April 12, 1961 USA February 20, 1962 Czechoslovakia March 2, 1978 Poland June 27, 1978 East Germany (East Germany) August 26, 1978 Bulgaria April 10, 1979 Hungary May 26, 1980 Vietnam July 23, 1980 Cuba September 18, 1980 Mongolia 22 March 1981

Cosmonautics Day in elementary school. Scenario

Summary of an extracurricular activity with an interactive game “History of the development of astronautics in Russia”