An open lesson was held at the school: “Day of Unified Action for Informing Children and Youth Against HIV / AIDS“ KNOWLEDGE - RESPONSIBILITY - HEALTH ”

From November 27 to December 3, 2017, the IV All-Russian campaign to combat HIV infection is held, dedicated to World AIDS Day (December 1).

The All-Russian Action was organized at the initiative of the Foundation for Socio-Cultural Initiatives under the patronage of S.V. Medvedeva is aimed at spiritual and moral education and enlightenment of young people and is designed to solve the problem of informing on a wide range of HIV problems: transmission routes and infection mechanisms, methods of prevention and treatment, social and humanitarian aspects of HIV / AIDS, information resources, ways of creating a personal, responsible attitude towards one's own health, development of behavioral skills that contribute to reducing the risk of HIV infection.
  The key event of the All-Russian action is the All-Russian online open lesson “Day of unified action to inform children and youth against HIV / AIDS“ KNOWLEDGE - RESPONSIBILITY - HEALTH ”.

This open lesson is addressed to students of senior classes of general educational organizations and is supported by broadcasting on the Internet.

On November 30, 2017, with the students in grades 9 and 11 of our school, the All-Russian open lesson on informing children and youth against HIV / AIDS, “Knowledge - responsibility - health”, was held. In grade 11, the lesson was conducted by social educator Nardina M.I. and teacher-psychologist Garanina T.V. With ninth graders, a meeting was organized with a pediatrician of the MUZ Poretskaya Central District Hospital Valyaykina T.V. From the lips of teachers and a health worker, the children received information about the human immunodeficiency virus, ways of transmission of infection and measures to prevent the disease. Particular attention was paid to the fact that everyone is responsible for their health. During the conversation, materials from the site http: //stopvichspeed.rf/ and the video material https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\u003dKow02GDaPuE were used

According to the portal stopvidspeed.rf, out of 146 million Russians, 900 thousand live with HIV infection. These are only registered cases. Moreover, every hour in Russia 10 people become infected. Despite the availability of information about HIV, the level of knowledge among the population in this area remains extremely low.

At the end of the open lesson, the children concluded that awareness is the best prevention of virus infection.

Classes: 9 , 10 , 11

Lesson presentation

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• To form students' perceptions of HIV and AIDS;
• To introduce students to basic information about the disease;
• Educate students about HIV transmission;
• Introduce HIV and AIDS prevention;
• Develop behavioral motivation to maintain their health.

Equipment: computer, multimedia projector.

Preparation of the event: prepare a presentation in advance on a given topic, distribute topics and material for the preparation of messages to students.

Teacher (Appendix 1, presentation) : In 1988, WHO (World Health Organization) decided - World AIDS Day will be celebrated annually on December 1 (showing the 2nd slide of the presentation).On this day, it is necessary to bring to the public the main idea that the cheapest and most effective measure to combat this disease is health education and public awareness. (showing the 3rd slide of the presentation).

B - virus (microorganism);

And - immunodeficiency;

H - person;

C - syndrome (picture of the disease);

P - acquired (obtained by infection);

And - immuno (immunity);

D - deficiency (deficiency).

HIV is a virus that is transmitted from person to person in certain ways and causes impaired functions or the destruction of the immune system of the human body.

AIDS is the last (terminal) stage of HIV infection.

Teacher: HIV infection and AIDS is a completely new and unusual disease for people. Scientists and doctors believe that HIV appeared on Earth no more than 50 years ago. However, AIDS has claimed over 22 million lives in this short time. So far, it has not been possible to find drugs that completely cure AIDS and methods of protective vaccination (vaccination) against HIV. Even the question of when and how the human immunodeficiency virus appeared is not yet completely clear. There are several hypotheses, but not one of them has been proven. (showing the 4th slide of the presentation):

1st hypothesis - most researchers are inclined to think that the disease arose in Africa and then spread to other territories (USA and European countries). According to the African hypothesis, closely related primate viruses could be the precursor of HIV. In Africa, foci were identified where monkeys spread a virus quite similar to human immunodeficiency virus (showing the 5th slide of the presentation).

2nd hypothesis - the virus could adapt to life in the human body due to the wide use of such scientific achievements of the 20th century as blood transfusion, organ transplants and other discoveries in medicine, which could contribute to the formation of both weaker and more dangerous forms of the virus (showing the 6th slide of the presentation).

3rd hypothesis - the artificial occurrence of the virus in the late 70s based on bacteriological weapons (showing the 7th slide of the presentation).

4th hypothesis - the virus could exist from ancient times, changing the modification.

Teacher: Currently, an epidemic of infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to develop around the world. Infection with this virus causes a disease, known as AIDS, after a few years. HIV-infected people do not develop immediately, but 7–10 years after infection.

Who are viruses?

Teacher. Man, like all living things, is made up of cells. Each cell has its own “control center” - the nucleus. All work vital activity (work) of the cell is controlled by the nucleus. It is in this main part of the cells, the body’s defenders, that a dangerous virus (HIV) is introduced after it has been able to penetrate the human body, HIV is “preserved” in the cells of the immune system, which are designed to defend the body from the introduction of any aliens - pathogens. For a long time (several years), the defenses of infected people are still able to withstand the onslaught of pathogens. But a person will never be able to free himself from the dangerous “aliens of HIV” that remain in the nucleus of the affected cell throughout his life. Over time, the activity of “strangers” increases and in a weakened body various diseases easily arise that lead to the death of an infected person.

Student message. AIDS was first discovered and registered in 1981 in the United States. When group diseases of men aged 25–45 years of homosexual orientation were identified. Then they began to identify representatives of other sectors of the population (drug addicts, prostitutes). As it turned out, the immunity (protective properties) of the body was sharply weakened in these patients. A variety of microbes began to kill people, under ordinary conditions causing only a slight malaise. The disease was called AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). As soon as the clinical picture of the new disease was described in the medical literature, reports began to arrive about patients in other countries. Already in 1983, a virus, now known as human immunodeficiency virus or HIV, was isolated. The honor of the discovery belongs to Luke Montagnier (France) and Robert Gallo (USA). Blood tests for detecting HIV (by the presence of antibodies to it) were developed in 1985. Gradually, an epidemic of a new disease spread around the world. The causative agents of the disease - viruses - were simultaneously discovered by the biologists Montagnier in France and Gallo in the USA in 1983. Later, human AIDS viruses and similar viruses were found in four species of monkeys. Chimpanzee viruses (AIDS-1) and smoky mangobey viruses (AIDS-2) are dangerous for humans. In Russia, the first case of infection was officially announced in 1987 (a young resident of St. Petersburg).

Teacher. The development of the epidemic process in HIV infection has its own patterns, which can be traced in different countries of the world, and it can be divided into three main phases (showing the 9th slide of the presentation):

The initial phase - the spread of HIV occurs mainly among people of homosexual orientation.

The second phase - the virus enters the environment of people who use drugs intravenously and spreads parenteral (by blood).

The third phase - when the entire population is involved in the process and the spread of HIV is carried out mainly through sexual contact.

Question for students: What phase do you think prevails over others now?

Exercise

Objective: To enable students to reflect on the dangers of HIV infection.

I offer you a situation for the whole group, I ask everyone to stand up. You were invited to a party outside the city. You have given your consent. And spend time at the cottage in an interesting company. From a casual conversation, you will find out that among these people there is an HIV-infected person, who exactly you do not know. The evening is in full swing, you communicate a lot. Your task, moving around this room, is to enter into relationships with people around you, holding out your hands for contact. If you feel the movement of a finger in your palm, you are dealing with HIV-infected people. Acting in this role, I will ask you not to betray yourself and communicate as well as everyone else.
  - Which of you was HIV-infected?
  - What feelings did you feel?

Teacher: It is important that everyone understands that in the age of AIDS, any sexual contact with someone should be considered as sexual contact with all those people with whom your partner has had contact over the past 10 years. Why is that?   (showing the 10th - 13th slide of the presentation)

Teacher. When do we run the risk of contracting HIV? From an epidemiological point of view, HIV infection is an infectious disease that is transmitted exclusively from person to person. The source of infection is an infected person who is at any stage of the disease, that is, regardless of the presence or absence of clinical signs of the disease. To date, it has been proven that HIV can be transmitted from an infected person in only three ways. (showing the 14th - 16th slide of the presentation):

1. During sexual intercourse (heterosexual; homosexual)

2. Parenteral (blood contact):

- injection of drugs with infected syringes;
  - transfusion of unexamined blood;
  - medical manipulations.

3. Vertical (from mother to child) - 15% –30%:

- in utero;
  - during childbirth;
  - with breastfeeding.

Exercise: "What is the risk of HIV / AIDS?"

Objective: To consolidate knowledge of specific situations that are dangerous and safe in terms of HIV transmission; developing the ability to assess the degree of risk of infection in a real life situation.

1. Students are divided into three groups.
2. Each group is given cards consisting of 2-3 types of behavior (eating food prepared by an HIV-infected person, blood transfusion during pregnancy from mother to fetus, using poorly sterilized instruments, swimming with HIV-infected in one pool, greeting and hugging with HIV-infected, when transplanting organs and tissues, using common dishes, linen, a towel with HIV-infected, through insect bites, etc.). Then the task is given to determine the level of risk for each type of behavior (action). Write 3 risk levels on the board (maximum risk, minimum risk, no risk).
3. Students are encouraged to identify appropriate risk factors in these situations.
4. After discussion in small groups, you should listen to a representative of each group and hold a discussion.

Answers must be given with explanations. The teacher comments, explains, corrects the mistakes made.

Teacher. Clinical manifestations of the disease. At first, HIV does not manifest itself in the body, people infected with the virus feel healthy, they are not bothered by anything (the first stage is a hidden (incubation period)). This can last quite a long time (from several weeks to 12 or more months). It should be noted that already during this period, infected people who do not suspect that they have HIV can infect many healthy people. In some infected, the onset of the disease can occur without any deviations in health. But 60% of those infected already within 2–4 weeks from the moment of infection (or 2-3 months after the introduction of HIV) develop a short-term illness that usually closely resembles a cold or flu with an increase in body temperature (the development of the second stage begins). In addition to fever, in some patients the lymph glands swell, the throat becomes inflamed (similar to a sore throat), a skin rash appears, there may be a disorder of the stool, headache, and insomnia. Then (after 1–2 weeks, after a maximum of 44 days), all symptoms of the disease pass almost independently, without treatment. And infected people usually for many years, if they do not inject drugs and protect their health, abandoning all bad habits, there are no signs of a serious illness, and the infected person does not complain about anything. This is the second stage of the disease, the manifestation of which can only be an increase in lymph nodes. The insidiousness of HIV lies in the fact that externally healthy HIV-infected people can infect others at this stage of the disease, often they themselves may not suspect that they pose a threat to the infection of their loved ones. However, after a few years, HIV-infected people slowly but steadily begin to show symptoms of the disease. The disease progresses to the next (third) stage of the disease, which essentially marks the beginning of AIDS. The patient begins to worry about an increase in body temperature, sweating especially at night, there is an increase in stool or diarrhea, weight loss. Usually, 10 years after infection, 50% of those infected develop the last (fourth) stage of the disease. AIDS patients develop brain damage, skin cancer (Kaposi’s sarcoma), tuberculosis, pneumonia, intestinal infections and other painful symptoms. The most common symptoms of AIDS are severe weight loss up to exhaustion (skin and bones remain, as with cancer), fever, sweating, coughing, severe shortness of breath, decreased memory and intelligence. In the last months of life, AIDS patients almost lose their sight, cannot speak and swallow food. The protective functions of the body’s immune system are completely disrupted, and various pathogens cause incurable, fatal diseases. The end result of HIV infection is death from AIDS.

Criminal liability is provided for in the Russian Federation (Article 122 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) (showing the 17th - 18th slide of the presentation):

1. Knowingly exposing another person to the risk of HIV infection is punishable by restraint of liberty for a term of up to 3 years, or arrest for a term of 3 to 6 months, or imprisonment of up to 1 year.
2. Infection of another person with HIV infection, a person who knew that he had this disease, shall be punishable by deprivation of liberty for a term of 5 years.

Exercise "Legend of Genghis Khan" ( application 2).

Exercise “Boundaries permitted”.

Purpose: to develop skills in the formation of relationships between boys and girls, the ability to say “No”.

Situation: Sasha and Galya love each other. Spending more and more time together, they began to express their feelings more gently. Nevertheless, the desire to become even closer to Sasha grew with each date. Galya is sure that abstinence (abandonment of sexual relations) is in this case the best choice. Sasha insists. Discussion of the situation.

Teacher: There are many ways to say no. Your behavior should not be ambiguous when you say no. Say no firmly and firmly. The indefinite “I don't know”, “maybe” are evasive answers, often perceived as consent.

Student message. Are there any ways to treat HIV?

Until now, medicine cannot find a cure for AIDS. Existing drugs can only maintain health and slow down the course of the disease, but not stop it altogether. The development of AIDS vaccines is apparently as complex as the development of influenza vaccines, given the great variability of the virus. HIV has unique variability, which is 5 times higher than the variability of the influenza virus and 100 times higher than that of hepatitis B. The treatment is still ineffective (the main drug is azidothymidine). Since there are still no reliable drugs for treating AIDS, the fatal outcome for all these people is almost predetermined. As part of the implementation of the “Priority National Project in the Field of Healthcare” 3.1 billion rubles have been allocated for the prevention and fight against HIV / AIDS. The money will be used to prevent and treat HIV - infected people.

Student message. What is the complexity of treating HIV infection?

Anti-AIDS drugs affect certain enzymes of the virus, in connection with which its reproduction stops. Unfortunately, it is not yet possible to completely cure a patient with a medication. The fact is that the AIDS virus is embedded in the genome of the cells of various organs and cannot be pulled out of there. With the help of drugs, you can ensure that the virus disappears from the blood. There are no free particles, it does not infect new cells, but it still persists in the body; and as soon as the drug is stopped, reappears in the blood.

Student message. What methods, in your opinion, can be used by the Administration to prevent the spread of HIV infection in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)?

The main methods of prevention - doctors need to go out more often with lectures and talks to schools and enterprises. Speak with children in an accessible language and in small groups. More colorful posters and booklets on possible ways to become infected with AIDS. In lectures and discussions, the main emphasis should be placed on proper sexual education, limiting the number of sexual partners, and the use of condoms; the use of syringes, needles, single-use transfusion systems; thorough sterilization of medical instruments; mass screening for HIV infection.

The teacher discusses with the students what they liked in the lesson, what new knowledge they received, which surprised what was useful. Concludes:

• AIDS is a dangerous and insidious disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus.
• AIDS spreads due to unwillingness to change the norms of their behavior.

The slogan “DON'T KILL BECAUSE OF Ignorance!” should become a reality and the norm of life for every person.

V. Homework

Perform homework on the topic: “Life without bad habits” in the form:

• A poster (drawing, photograph, computer graphics), which is accompanied by a slogan or other ideological text. Terms of execution: on sheet A4 with the signature of the author on the back of the image.
• Video CD / DVD (no longer than 1.5 minutes, subtitles in Russian are welcome) with an attached text description of the script as a separate file (no more than 1 page).

ACTUAL

Every year, on December 1, the World AIDS Organization initiates World AIDS Day. The initiative was launched in 1988 with the goal of raising global awareness of HIV / AIDS.

In Russia, the All-Russian Stop HIV / AIDS actions are held on World AIDS Day, which are held on November 28 – December 4 and May 15–27. During the Campaigns, information and educational events are held in the country: open thematic lessons prepared by health professionals, the Open Student Forum "Stop AIDS Together", and the educational and interactive program "What do you know about HIV?" other. Open lessons and events are held in institutions of secondary general, secondary vocational and higher education.

Every year, famous actors, musicians, politicians, and athletes join in the Promotions and take pictures with the hashtag # stopwich speed and upload to social networks in solidarity with the fight against AIDS. Everyone can enter their number, in order to post your photos with a hashtag on the networks: VKontakte, Instagram, Facebook and Twitter.

Methodological materials for the events for the All-Russian campaign "Stop HIV / AIDS" from May 15 to 21, 2017

Methodological materials for the organization of the All-Russian lesson in 2016

Healthy generation, healthy future! Doctor's view on HIV prevention

(Armais Albertovich Kamalov, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of the Department of Urology and Andrology; Olga Borisovna Panina, MD, professor of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Lomonosov Moscow State University)

Education and awareness for HIV prevention through music, dance, internet technology and training

(Evgenia Georgievna Alekseeva, Focus-Media Foundation for Social Development and Health Protection)

Trainings as an effective solution for HIV prevention and the formation of a healthy lifestyle among adolescents and youth

(on the results of the trainings “Everything that concerns you”, developed with the support of the Health and Development Fund; Frolov Sergey Anatolyevich, Dmitrieva Elena Viktorovna)

The practice of conducting trainings on the prevention of stigma and discrimination against students and educators living with HIV

In the Russian Federation on November 28, the All-Russian Stop HIV / AIDS campaign was launched. The promotion will last until December 4. The main goal is to attract public attention to the problem of the spread of HIV infection in our country.
  The action is timed to the All-Russian AIDS Day, which is traditionally celebrated worldwide on December 1. During 7 days, open lessons on HIV prevention will be held in educational institutions, military training, military educational institutions, in educational colonies for minors, as well as for citizens serving in the conscript and contract service in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation . In addition to open lessons, a large-scale awareness-raising campaign will be conducted.
  On December 2, 2016, an open lesson will be held on the Day of Unified Action for Informing Children and Youth Against HIV / AIDS “KNOWLEDGE - RESPONSIBILITY - HEALTH”, which will be held in the format “Students for Children”. The start time of the Open Lesson is 13.00 Moscow time. The basis of the open lesson is a video film that reflects current issues of combating HIV infection in a format familiar to a young audience.
  Broadcast of the open lesson is provided on the television channel "Russia-24", on the Internet at the resource: stopwichspid.rf, as well as on the website of the Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Continuing Professional Education "Academy of Continuing Education and Professional Retraining of Education Workers". In addition to these teaching materials, employees of Sverdlovsk educational institutions can take advantage of the methodological recommendations for HIV prevention activities in the youth environment, which are posted on the official website of the Ministry of Education in the section "Children's Health Campaign and Interagency Interaction", on the website of the state budgetary institution Sverdlovskaya areas "Center for psychological, pedagogical, medical and social assistance" Lado ", in the sections" Library " , "Authoring".
According to statistics, 146 million people live in the Russian Federation today, of which more than 850 thousand are HIV-positive. Every day, 11 people in Russia become infected with HIV. “Such attention to HIV is not accidental: today this virus is one of the most serious global threats to public health. According to the World Health Organization, more than 37 million people live with HIV, more than 34 million have died from this dangerous disease in the 30 years since it was discovered, ”says the Minister of Health of the Russian Federation, co-chair of the Organizing Committee of the Stop HIV / AIDS All-Russian Action "Veronika Skvortsova.
  Svetlana Medvedeva, President of the Foundation for Socio-Cultural Initiatives, Chairman of the Organizing Committee of the Stop HIV / AIDS All-Russian Action: “I’m sure that through the joint efforts of the state and society we will be able to convey to our younger generation the importance of responsible civic behavior.”
  Organizers of the action: Fund for Social and Cultural Initiatives, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Ministry of Communications and Mass Media of the Russian Federation.
  The Ministry of Education of the Sverdlovsk Region recommended subordinate institutions for AIDS Day: design information boards; organize the broadcasting of effective practices in the field of HIV / AIDS prevention; post information on the All-Russian campaign on the official websites of educational institutions. All schools in the region will host HIV prevention activities: actions, classroom hours, discussions, etc.

“Day of unified action to inform children and youth against HIV / AIDS“ Knowledge - responsibility - health ””

The spread of HIV - infection among the population of Russia is one of the most significant medical and social problems in our country.

According to official data (as of December 31, 2015) in Russia there are more than 820 thousand infected with HIV, and the situation continues to deteriorate. The following facts testify to this:

- every 5 minutes, 1 person or 12 people per hour become infected with the immunodeficiency virus, which is about 270 people per day;

- in 2015, more than 100 thousand new cases of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus were detected;

- The epidemiological situation associated with HIV infection extends beyond the boundaries of vulnerable groups of the population to the general population.

In this regard, outreach and training activities to prevent the spread of HIV infection among young students are of particular social importance. That will allow involving in the movement for a value-conscious, conscious attitude to their health and the health of those around different groups of the Russian population: pupils, students, parents and teachers.

The problem of the spread of HIV will be highlighted at the II All-Russian Forum for HIV / AIDS Prevention and Treatment Specialists, which will be held in Moscow on November 28-29 in Moscow (http://o-spide.ru/forum2016/). The forum will discuss vital issues:

 Are the growth rates of HIV incidence a national threat to Russia?

 Which populations are at increased risk?

 What measures are being taken to prevent and combat HIV / AIDS at the federal and regional levels?

 What are the goals set by the state to reduce the growth rate of the incidence rate and what decisions are being implemented to achieve them in the short and medium term?

 What is the most successful experience in preventing the spread of this disease?

By order of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 20, 2016 No. 2203-r, the State Strategy for Counteracting the Spread of HIV in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020 and the future perspective (hereinafter referred to as the Strategy), which defines the goal, objectives and main directions of the state policy of the Russian Federation, was approved Federation for the prevention of the spread of a chronic disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (hereinafter - HIV infection).

You can familiarize yourself with the document on the official Internet portal of the Russian Ministry of Health on HIV / AIDS Prevention. (http://o-spide.ru/upload/iblock/79b/79b33d2e300470bd0ef9d147a00d58d3.pdf)

At the initiative of the Foundation for Socio-Cultural Initiatives, under the patronage of Svetlana Medvedeva, a series of events are being held in Russia dedicated to the important dates of the fight against AIDS within the framework of the United Nations (UN) - this is World AIDS Day (December 1, according to the calendar UN), as well as World Remembrance Day of AIDS Victims (the third Sunday of May), which was initiated by a community movement for people living with HIV and AIDS. The relevant ministries were involved in the events: the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Education and Science, the Ministry of Communications and Mass Communications.

In May 2016, the All-Russian HIV Action (hereinafter referred to as the Action) was held, which was timed to coincide with World AIDS Day. The key event of the Promotion was the Open Student Forum (hereinafter referred to as the Forum), which was held on May 14, 2016 in the format of thematic round tables at the Higher Educational Institutions of the country.

From November 28 to December 4, 2016, the next All-Russian action “Stop HIV / AIDS”, dedicated to World AIDS Day, will be held. The key event of the action will be the broadcast on December 2, 2016 of the All-Russian open video lesson “Day of Unified Action for Informing Children and Youth Against HIV / AIDS“ Knowledge - Responsibility - Health ””. The main motto of the action “Stop AIDS Together!”.

The estimated duration of the video tutorial is about 25 minutes. Famous media persons, students of leading Russian educational institutions of higher education, who will provide information on various aspects of the fight against AIDS, are involved in the creation of the Lesson.

For productive and effective work on preparing and conducting the Lesson in educational organizations, pedagogical workers must first familiarize themselves with relevant information regarding various aspects of nature, the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus, and measures to protect and prevent this syndrome.

A few more questions about HIV

It is possible that the original approach to the form of the Lesson is an online lesson, the information that students learn from the plot will raise additional questions for the teacher.

How openly should the young generation be told about HIV and its prevention?

- Modern schoolchildren and students have access to any information, but they need to discuss this information with a competent adult, to whom there is trust. One of the main points determining the importance of such discussions is the perception of a personal threat, which is a necessary prerequisite for changing behavior. The ability to answer uncomfortable questions is the real prevention of HIV infection.

What is immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

- The immunodeficiency virus was independently discovered in 1983 by scientists in the laboratory of the Pasteur Institute in France and the National Cancer Institute in the United States. Retrovirus was isolated from the tissues of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In 1986, it was decided to name the virus - the human immunodeficiency virus. For the discovery of the virus, scientists Luc Montagnier and Francoise Barr-Sinoussi were awarded in 2008 the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine.

The main danger of HIV is that, when it enters the human body, it completely destroys the affected cells that are responsible for human immunity. As a result, the work of the human immune system is inhibited, and it becomes defenseless against infections that are not characteristic of people with normal immune status, as well as the development of various tumors. Over time, an acquired immune deficiency or AIDS syndrome develops in the body of an HIV-infected person.

AIDS is the final stage of HIV development if there is no treatment. The information that the virus irreversibly destroys the cells of the immune system should convince the need for mandatory compliance with preventive measures or mandatory medical supervision and daily use of antiretroviral therapy in case of HIV infection. (Note: treatment and follow-up provides up to 30 years of life with good quality.) Understanding the global dangers of HIV infection for humanity allowed the World Health Organization (WHO) to develop a global AIDS program in 1987 and the United Nations in 1988 Declares December 1 World AIDS Day.

Already in 1989, 140 thousand patients were identified in 130 countries. Between 1981 and 2015, 34 million people with HIV died worldwide. More than 37 million live with HIV, with the largest number of infected people living in South Africa (more than 25.8 million people). In Eastern Europe, more than 1.5 million infected were recorded, of which in the Russian Federation, according to state statistical observations, between 1985 and 2015, 824,706 cases of detection of antibodies to the immunodeficiency virus in the blood were recorded. Over the same period, more than 200 thousand people died in Russia.

Currently, more than 43% of HIV-infected people in the world receive antiretroviral therapy, which can suppress the virus and significantly, up to several decades, extend the life of an infected person. In Russia, in 2015, 37.3% of people infected with human immunodeficiency virus and under clinical supervision received antiretroviral therapy.

The global measures for the prevention of HIV infection in the world have yielded very good results:

the number of new HIV-infected people decreased by 35%;

the mortality rate from AIDS decreased by 24%.

At the same time, the situation with HIV infection in Russia remains very complicated: 22 constituent entities of the Russian Federation account for 50% of cases of the total number of new cases of HIV infection, which contributes to maintaining a tense epidemiological situation.

What are the ways and sources of infection?

- It is important to understand that the only source of HIV infection is an infected person, while he himself may not be aware of his virus carrier. HIV infection requires direct contact with the circulatory system or with the membranes of the cells of the mucous membranes, that is, damaged skin and mucous membranes are a direct way for the infection to enter the human body.

It should be remembered that the human immunodeficiency virus can be detected in all fluids of an infected organism, but in dangerous concentrations - in blood, semen, breast milk, therefore this particular feature of the virus affects the mechanisms of its transmission from person to person.

Studies have shown that there are three main pathways for the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus:

 sexual, associated with sexual activity - both homosexual and heterosexual;  perinatal (vertical) - from an HIV-infected mother to an infant during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding. Who is at risk? In addition to the traditional idea of \u200b\u200brisk groups, including drug addicts, homosexuals, people with random sexual intercourse, people receiving donated blood and (or) its components, there have been cases of heterosexual infection from a regular partner who does not have bad habits. So, in addition to the medical and social problems, HIV infection has created a moral problem of trust in a loved one.

Long-term observations have shown that the problem of trust as a value category has been the subject of study by psychologists working in the field of HIV prevention, since it became obvious that it is the factor of unconditional trust in an intimate partner or loved one that often determines the risk of HIV infection. Confidence in a partner explains the reason for not taking precautions, in particular a condom. As a result, the fear of demonstrating doubt about the possible presence of HIV in a loved one contributes to the rejection of the use of protective equipment.

Thus, true trust, built on taking care of health not only of one's own, but also of one's partner, turns into a risky pastime. This is confirmed by international studies, which indicate that AIDS is among the most common causes of death for heterosexual men and women aged 25 to 55 years, among infectious diseases. There is evidence of these data in Russia: the largest number of infected people is observed in the age groups of 30–34 years and 35–39 years. HIV education is particularly important in adolescent and youth audiences. Scientific research into the study of the human immunodeficiency virus has led the medical community to conclude that most 20–30-year-old AIDS patients became infected during adolescence. This is explained by the fact that this period is characterized by impulsiveness, uncertainty, susceptibility to group influence, expressed need for identification with the group, which leads to risky behavior in relation to narcotic substances, unprotected sexual intercourse. Therefore, preventive work in this age group should be aimed not only at correcting the individual behavior of students, their self-esteem and ability to say no, but also at the group as a whole, which will allow to build the right socialization route, which assumes a healthy lifestyle.

Thus, in addition to the biological conditionality of the HIV transmission pathways, another factor affecting the spread of HIV is revealed - a form of behavioral activity.

It is this goal - to attract the attention of students, their parents, teachers to the problem of the spread of HIV, to raise awareness of the ways of infection and ways of protection, as well as to form an active position on HIV / AIDS prevention among young people, is set by the organizers of the All-Russian Internet lesson “STOP HIV / AIDS ”as part of the All-Russian campaign dedicated to World AIDS Day on December 1, 2016.

A very important aspect of preparing for an open lesson, and in the further continuation of preventive work, is the explanation of the HIV testing procedure.

How and where to conduct laboratory testing (testing) for HIV?

- Laboratory testing for HIV is an integral component of a medical examination, which includes, in addition to laboratory testing, preliminary and subsequent counseling. A medical examination is performed with the obligatory consent of the patient on the basis of anonymity. There are more than 170 specialized medical institutions for the prevention and treatment of AIDS / HIV in Russia in all major regional and district centers of the country. There is an approved procedure for conducting a medical examination for HIV, consisting of three mandatory steps:

Stage I - preliminary consultation;

Stage II - laboratory examination;

Stage III - follow-up counseling.

Preliminary and subsequent counseling is mandatory, as the subject should receive information on prevention and HIV infection, as well as commentary on the results of the examination and the necessary recommendations. In 90–95% of infected, antibodies appear within 3 months, in 5–9% - after 6 months. from the moment of infection, in 0.5–1% - at a later date. The earliest period at which antibodies were detected is 4 weeks from the time of infection.

When confirming the diagnosis of HIV, the infected person is invited to stand under clinical supervision. This is very important, since it has already been proven that the early start of antiretroviral therapy (ARVT) stops the reproduction of the virus and reduces the viral load to undetectable, which can significantly improve the patient's quality of life and increase life expectancy. Answers to some questions

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Section "Test your knowledge"

1. HIV and AIDS - what is it?

HIV infection is an incurable infectious disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is the last stage of HIV infection, which develops on average 10-12 years after infection and is accompanied by the destruction of the immune system.

1. What happens with HIV?

Immediately after becoming infected with HIV, most people do not feel anything unusual. However, the virus hidden in the body begins to multiply and slowly, imperceptibly destroy the human immune system.

1. Does HIV infection have symptoms?

The virus may be asymptomatic in the body for several years before the symptoms of the disease appear. A third of those infected after a few weeks may develop a condition similar to ARI or the flu, doctors call it “acute HIV infection”. As a rule, no one associates this with HIV infection. In this case, the person has a fever, he feels weakness, headache, sore throat. Sometimes there is diarrhea (diarrhea) or a rash. This condition usually lasts a couple of weeks, after which it passes. The most unpleasant thing is that even an HIV test in this initial period can give the wrong result, because the body has not yet developed antibodies to the virus.

A person can look and feel completely healthy for a long time while transmitting the virus to others. This is the danger of HIV infection.

Symptoms of HIV infection necessarily appear in an infected person during the AIDS stage. Against the background of immunodeficiency, a person develops secondary diseases, such as tuberculosis, pneumonia, tumors and other diseases.

1. How does HIV turn into AIDS?

HIV infects various cells of the body, primarily cells of the immune system (CD4 lymphocytes), causing their death. Over time, lymphocytes lose their ability to produce antibodies and fight infections. The immunity of a person falls. Gradually, HIV infection passes into its last stage, and the person is diagnosed with AIDS.

A weakened body becomes susceptible to diseases with which a healthy person’s immune system usually copes, in the absence of treatment with antiretroviral drugs. When the body's resistance is lost completely, the disease is so aggravated that a person dies ..

1. How is HIV transmitted?

 Through blood - most often when using drugs, but can be transmitted the same way when using non-sterile medical instruments, transfusion of blood components, tattoos, piercing with an infected instrument, or using other people's shaving and manicure accessories.

 During intercourse without a condom. Even a single contact can lead to infection.

 From mother to baby - during pregnancy, during childbirth and breastfeeding.

1. But how is it not transmitted?

 With generally accepted forms of greeting (handshakes, friendly kisses, hugs).

 When using common personal items, household items, toys, bedding, a toilet, bathtub, shower, pool, cutlery and crockery, drinking fountains, sports equipment (saliva, sweat, tears, urine are not dangerous for infection, if they no visible blood).

 For insect bites.

 By airborne droplets (for coughing and sneezing).

 When kissing through saliva, HIV is also not transmitted.

Can an HIV test be negative in a person infected with HIV?

Unfortunately yes. In the first 3 months after HIV infection, HIV testing may be negative. In some people with immune system characteristics, this period can increase even up to 6 months. This happens because the body has not yet developed antibodies to the virus that the test detects. Doctors call this period a “seronegative window.” Therefore, you should not run for the examination the next morning after a dangerous contact, it still will not show the true result - you will have to wait at least 1-3 months. Better to save nerve cells and not take risks!

Every day in the world in 2014 there were 5,600 new infections with HIV infection, and 2 million people became infected with HIV and 1.2 million people died from AIDS-related diseases during the year.

Currently, most patients in the world still do not receive treatment, and about half do not even know about their diagnosis, because they have not been tested for HIV.

How many people were infected with HIV in the world?

According to UN estimates, the number of people living with HIV by the end of 2014 was 36.9 million. Over the period of the existence of HIV infection (since 1981), about 34 million people have died from the disease in the world - that is, almost half of the 70 million infected with HIV. This characterizes the disease as the most devastating epidemic in human history and explains the scale of the measures taken.

Every day in 2014, there were 5,600 new HIV infections, and 2 million people became infected with HIV and 1.2 million people died from AIDS-related diseases during the year.

Currently, most patients in the world still do not receive treatment, and about half do not even know about their diagnosis, because they have not been tested for HIV.

And how many patients in Russia?

In Russia, the HIV epidemic began much later than in America and Europe, and continues to grow.

In the Russian Federation, according to the federal state statistical monitoring (form No. 61 of the Federal State Statistics Service), the number of registered cases of detecting antibodies to HIV as of December 31, 2015 was 824,706, of which 79967 were in institutions of the FSIN of Russia. During 2015, 581 716 patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus, which accounted for 70.5% of the number of registered cases, were in specialized medical organizations under clinical supervision.

Over the entire period of the epidemic in the country (from 1987 to 2015), 237,790 HIV-infected people died. Of course, not all patients were able to identify, since not all are tested for HIV, and in reality there are even more.

In recent years, the number of new cases of HIV infection in Russia has increased by 10-12% per year, and mortality due to the disease is also growing. In 2015, 100,220 Russians were first identified - every 5 minutes in the country, 1 person was infected with HIV.

Who is most at risk of contracting HIV in Russia?

Of course, people who have behaviors that are dangerous in terms of HIV infection are most at risk of contracting HIV: drug users, people who have erratic sex.

The most unfavorable HIV situation in the country has developed in the Urals and Siberia: in the Irkutsk, Sverdlovsk, Kemerovo, Samara, Orenburg, Leningrad, Tyumen regions and the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and a number of other regions.

What year was World AIDS Day first?

World AIDS Day was first held on December 1, 1988. World AIDS Day aims to raise public awareness of HIV / AIDS and to demonstrate international solidarity in the face of the threat of a global HIV epidemic (or “pandemic” instead of “global epidemic”), to care for sick people, especially in countries with high the burden of HIV infection.

The organization of events on this day implies, first of all, wide access to information about this virus and disease, support for preventive measures, including involving in voluntary testing. The measures are also aimed at preventing discrimination and stigma against people living with HIV. Famous people killed by AIDS

Freddie Mercury Freddie mercury(1946–1991), British musician and vocalist of the Queen group.

Rock hudson Rock hudson(1925–1985), American actor, the first celebrity to publicly disclose his HIV status.

Rudolf Nureyev Rudolf Nureyev(1938–1993), Russian ballet dancer, one of the greatest dancers of the twentieth century.

Miles Davis Miles davis(1926–1991), American trumpeter, jazzman, conductor and composer.

Klaus Nomi Klaus nomi(1944–1983), a German countertenor popular in America. First celebrity to die of AIDS

Eric "Eazy E" Wright Eric “Eazy E” Wright(1963–1995), American rapper, member of the gangsta rap group N.W.A.

Alan Murphy Alan murphy(1953–1989), English guitarist. Worked, in particular, with "Level 42".

Arthur Ash Arthur ashe(1943–1993), American tennis player and public figure; won three Grand Slam tournaments.

Frank Moore Frank moore(1953-2002), American artist, creator of the red ribbon - a symbol of the fight against AIDS. HIV was acquired as a result of a blood transfusion during a heart operation in 1983.

Isaac Asimov Isaac asimov(1920–1992), Russian-American writer and biochemist, author of many bestselling books in the genre of science fiction and popular science books.

Michel Foucault Michel foucault(1926–1984), French philosopher and writer, known for his critical studies of various public institutions.

Herve Giber Herve guibert(1955–1990), French writer and film director.

Gia Carangi Gia carangi(1960–1986), American supermodel. Glossary

(http://www.u-hiv.ru/gloss.htm)

ANTIBODY (antibody) - a protein compound that the body produces in response to an antigen in order to destroy or neutralize bacteria, viruses, poisons or other foreign substances.

Acyclovir is a synthetic analogue of purine nucleoside. The mechanism of its action is based on the inhibition of DNA synthesis. Acyclovir is effective in most herpes viruses, but the best effect is achieved in the treatment of infections caused by herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2, varicella zoster, the effect on Epstein-Barr and cytomegaloviruses is weaker.

Asymptomatic (asymptomatic) - about a disease that goes away in the absence of internal pain or any external manifestations.

HAART - HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY - a method of treating human immunodeficiency virus, which consists in taking three or four drugs in contrast to monotherapy (1 drug), used earlier.

HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS (human papillomavirus, HPV) - causes the appearance of warts on the arms and legs, as well as various formations on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, genital warts of the anus and genitals.

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a human immunodeficiency virus. According to most scientists, it leads to AIDS. Refers to lentiviruses, a subgroup of retroviruses.

HERPETIC VIRUSES (herpesvirus, herpetoviridae) is a group of viruses that includes herpes simplex type-1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex type-2 (HSV-2), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus and chickenpox virus.

HYPERTHERMIA (hyperthermia, hyperthermy) - very high body temperature, above 41 ° C; a method of treating diseases by increasing body temperature.

Hypertrophy (hypertrophy) - an increase in the volume and mass of the organ.

DNA (DNA) - deoxyribonucleic acid. A component of the cell nucleus containing the genetic code. To develop an immune response against a viral infection in the host organism, the whole virus is not needed; it is sufficient to have one or more proteins that are located on its surface. This is what DNA vaccines provide. They are usually a DNA fragment containing a specific gene, on which the necessary antigen protein is synthesized in the body.

LONG-TERM, NON-SIMPLE CARRIERS (long-term nonprogressors) - “long-livers” - people who have been infected with HIV for seven years or more and have a consistently high, above 600, the number of CD4 + cells per cubic millimeter of blood, not suffering from any of the HIV-related diseases and never received any antiviral treatment.

IMMUNITY (immunity) - the body's immunity to infectious and non-infectious agents and substances: bacteria, viruses, poisons and other products foreign to the body.

IMMUNIZATION (immunization) - specific prevention of infections.

IMMUNE SYSTEM (immune system) - a set of organs, tissues and cells that provide the development of an immune response.

IMMUNOBLOT (western blot) - a method of laboratory testing of blood serum for the presence of antibodies to HIV; this is a more accurate analysis than ELISA and is used to confirm the results of ELISA.

IMMUNE RESPONSE (immune response) - the action of the immune system in response to the invasion of foreign substances.

IMMUNOGLOBULINS (immunoglobulins) - a group of proteins contained in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid and participating in the defense mechanism against pathogens of infectious diseases.

IMMUNODEFICIENCY (immunodeficiency) - the inability of some parts of the immune system to function normally, as a result of which the body's resistance to infectious agents is reduced and the likelihood of developing various diseases that otherwise the patient would not be exposed to increases.

IMMUNOMODULATORS (immunomodulators) - modulators of the immune response - natural or synthesized substances that stimulate, direct or restore a normal immune response.

IMMUNO-ENZYMAL ANALYSIS (ELISA) - ELISA - a laboratory test that allows you to determine the presence of HIV antibodies in the blood; HIV antibody test.

IN VITRO (in vitro) - in vitro - studies or manipulations carried out in a specially created artificial environment outside a living organism, in laboratory conditions.

INTERFERON (interferon) - a protective substance of protein nature, produced by the body in response to the penetration of a viral infection. ELISA (ELISA) - enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - a laboratory test to determine the presence of HIV antibodies in the blood; HIV antibody test.

INFECTION (infection) - a condition when a foreign agent (bacterium, fungus or virus) is introduced into the body (or part of the body), which multiplies and produces a pathogenic effect (active infection).

CELLULAR IMMUNITY (cell-mediated immunity) - part of the immune system that responds to the invasion of foreign material not by the formation of antibodies, but with the help of certain protective cells (T-lymphocytes, killer cells, monocytes, macrophages and other leukocytes).

COMBINED THERAPY (combination therapy) - the simultaneous use of two, three or more drugs. Studies show that taking several antiviral drugs for HIV infection is more effective than using only one drug.

LEukocytes (leukocytes) - white blood cells that can pass from the bloodstream to body tissue and vice versa. They perform an immune function, protecting the body from foreign substances and participating in the production of antibodies.

Leukocytosis (leukocytosis) - An abnormally high number of white blood cells in the blood.

LENTIVIRUSES (lentivirus) - “slow” viruses, which are characterized by a long period between infection and the onset of the first symptoms.

LYMPH NODES (lymph nodes, lymph glands) - small glands in the form of bean grains, consisting mainly of lymphocytes, lymph and connective tissue.

Lymphatic vessels (lymphatic vessels) - a network of vessels, similar to blood vessels, through which lymph enters the immune system and into the bloodstream.

LYMPHOMA (lymphoma) - a malignant lesion of lymphoid tissue. Cancer of the lymphatic system, often associated with T- or B-lymphocytes. There are various categories of lymphomas, including lymphogranulomatosis (HODGKIN LYMPHOMA), Burkitt's lymphoma, lymphoblastoma (lymphosarcoma).

LIPIDS (lipids) - fats and fat-like compounds, including steroids, fatty acids and many other substances. Lymphocytes (lymphocyte) - a type of white blood cell. White blood cells that mature and inhabit lymphoid organs. Lymphocytes carry out an immune response associated with acquired immunity.

False-positive - a positive test result (for example, for HIV antibodies) in a person who does not actually have the infection or disease for which the analysis was done.

False-negative - a negative test result in a person who actually has an infection or disease for which the analysis was done.

MONOTHERAPY (monotherapy) - the use in the treatment of only one drug. COMBINED THERAPY (combination therapy) - the simultaneous use of two, three or more drugs.

NUCLEIC ACIDS - the constituent elements (“bricks”) of DNA, a complex chemical compound that is the carrier of the genetic information of every living cell.

NUCLEOTIDES - the basic building materials from which the genetic material of the cell is created.

OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS (conditionally pathogenic microorganisms) - a disease of a person with a weakened immune system caused by a microorganism, which, as a rule, is not pathogenic for an ordinary person.

Acute Retroviral Syndrome - the period of acute primary HIV infection within three months after infection. Often goes unnoticed, but can manifest itself with symptoms similar to mononucleosis.

PALLIATIVE - about treatment that does not provide recovery, but provides only symptom relief.

Parenteral - administered intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract.

POLYMERASE CHAIN \u200b\u200bREACTION (PCR) - a highly sensitive analysis that allows you to identify DNA fragments of viruses or other organisms in the blood or body tissues.

PROVIRUS is the genetic material of the virus in the form of DNA, which has been introduced into the genome of the host organism. When HIV in latent form is in the cells of the human body, it is a provirus.

RESISTANCE (addiction to a drug) - the ability of an organism, microorganism or virus to lose its sensitivity to a drug. For example, after 6-12 months of using AZT, HIV is able to mutate and produce new strains that this drug no longer acts on.

REMISSION - temporary weakening or disappearance of the symptoms of the disease. It can occur as a result of treatment, activation of the body's defenses and in connection with the specific features of the development of the disease.

RETROVIRUSES - a class of viruses that copy genetic material using RNA as a template for DNA production (HIV refers to retroviruses).

AIDS-ASSOCIATED COMPLEX (SSC) is a non-official term that is used to refer to a number of symptoms observed in some patients with HIV infection: decreased immune status, sudden weight loss, frequent or prolonged fever, night sweats, generalized lymphadenopathy and / or fungal lesions of the oral cavity and throat.

T-Lymphocytes - “SUPPRESSORS” - (T-8, CD-8) - white blood cells that help regulate the body's response to infection.

RISK FACTOR - anything in the events, environment, personal characteristics of a person, increasing the likelihood of developing a certain disease or a change in health status.

PHAGOCYTOSIS - absorption and destruction of foreign material by white blood cells (e.g. macrophages).

EPIDEMIC - the spread of an infectious disease that significantly exceeds the usual incidence rate in a given area. 26