Fleet

1 BC Boeing 767-300

4 BC Boeing 757-200

1 BC Boeing 737-700 NG

3 BC Boeing 737-300

3 BC Boeing 737-500

6 BC Bombardier CRJ 200

Range (km) - 9,700

Crew (pilots) - 2

Boeing 757-200

  Crew (pilots) - 2.

Range (km) - 6,230

Crew (pilots) - 2

Boeing 737-300

  Crew (pilots) - 2.

Boeing 737-500

  Cruising speed (km / h) - 800.
  Crew (pilots) - 2.

Bombardier CRJ-200

  Crew (pilots) - 2.

Safety precautions

Conducting general work on the aircraft:

Seasonal Maintenance:

Secondary radar

Secondary radar is used in aviation for identification. The main feature is the use of an active responder on airplanes.

The principle of operation of the secondary radar is somewhat different from the principle of primary radar. The Secondary Radar Station device is based on components: a transmitter, an antenna, azimuth mark generators, a receiver, a signal processor, an indicator and an aircraft transponder with an antenna.

The transmitter serves to generate request pulses in the antenna at a frequency of 1030 MHz.

The antenna is used to emit pulses of the request and receive the reflected signal. According to ICAO standards for secondary radar, the antenna emits at a frequency of 1030 MHz and receives at a frequency of 1090 MHz.

Azimuth mark generators are used to generate azimuth marks  (eng. Azimuth Change Pulse, ACP) and tagsNorth Azimuth Reference Pulse, ARP) For one revolution of the radar antenna, 4096 small azimuth marks (for old systems) or 16384 improved small azimuth marks are generated (eng. Improved Azimuth Change pulse, IACP  - for new systems), as well as one North mark. The north mark comes from the generator of azimuth marks when the antenna is in such a position that it is directed to the North, and small azimuth marks serve to count the angle of rotation of the antenna.

The receiver is used to receive pulses at a frequency of 1090 MHz.

The signal processor is used to process the received signals.

The indicator is used to display processed information.

An aircraft transponder with an antenna serves to transmit a pulsed radio signal containing additional information back to the radar station upon request.

Pluses of the secondary radar:

· Higher accuracy;

· Additional information about the aircraft (board number, height);

· Low radiation power in comparison with primary radars;

· Large detection range.

Conclusion

I mastered some of the subtleties of civil aviation (GA) in practice, I realized how some instruments that I did not understand, work, realized their importance in practical activities. Practical activity helped me learn how to independently solve a certain range of problems that arise during the work of a radio technician. Once again, I became convinced that in practice the bulk of the knowledge I received in the classroom will be in demand. Also, my supervisor of the practice provided great help in solving the tasks.

Fleet

SCAT Airlines fleet consists of modern western-made aircraft, most of which are owned by the company. The regular schedule involves:

1 BC Boeing 767-300

4 BC Boeing 757-200

1 BC Boeing 737-700 NG

3 BC Boeing 737-300

3 BC Boeing 737-500

6 BC Bombardier CRJ 200

The wide-body airliner is the most popular aircraft designed for long-haul flights. The design of the Boeing 767 combines high fuel efficiency, low noise and modern avionics systems. To create it, the most modern materials are used. The 767 cabin is almost 1.5 meters wider than the cabin of earlier aircraft. Enough space was allocated for baggage and cargo: option 767-300 - 114.2 m³, which was 45% more than a similar indicator for any other commercial airliner of this class. The total length of this model is 54.94 meters. The flight range of the aircraft is 9,700 km.

Number of seats - 260

Range (km) - 9,700

Cruising speed (km / h) - 850

Maximum height (m) - 13 100

Crew (pilots) - 2

Boeing 757-200

A mid-range aircraft developed by the American aircraft manufacturer Boeing, which combines advanced technology that ensures exceptionally efficient use of fuel, low noise, increased comfort and high performance. This aircraft can operate both on long and near routes, and is equipped with two powerful jet engines Rolls-Royce.

Number of seats - 200/235.
  Flight range (km) - 7,200.
  Cruising speed (km / h) - 850.
  Maximum height (m) - 12 800.
  Crew (pilots) - 2.

Boeing 737-700 Next Generation

On June 23, the airline met its first Boeing 737-700 Next Generation, which differs from the Boeing 737 base model in a new wing and tail design, a digital cockpit, more advanced engines and more comfortable passenger seats. The new bright interior of the aircraft seats 149 passengers. The Boeing 737-700 can carry out flights up to seven hours of flight with full commercial load and is already involved in the regular schedule of the airline across Kazakhstan, to countries near and far abroad, as well as in the implementation of tourist flights from Kazakhstan to Turkey.

Number of seats - 149

Range (km) - 6,230

Cruising speed (km / h) - 828

Maximum height (m) - 12 500

Crew (pilots) - 2

Boeing 737-300

The narrow-body passenger jet aircraft Boeing 737-300 is the most mass-produced and popular passenger jet aircraft in the history of passenger aircraft, the result of the most successful passenger aircraft construction program, the base model of the so-called classic series of the Boeing 737 family of aircraft.

Number of seats - 144.
  Range (km) - 4,270.
  Cruising speed (km / h) - 800.
  Maximum height (m) - 11 100.
  Crew (pilots) - 2.

Boeing 737-500

Passenger aircraft Boeing 737-500 is a medium-haul passenger aircraft operated on short and medium-haul routes. The aircraft complies with all modern world safety requirements and environmental parameters.

Number of seats - 118.
  Flight range (km) - 4,400.
  Cruising speed (km / h) - 800.
  Maximum height (m) - 11 600.
  Crew (pilots) - 2.

Bombardier CRJ-200

The regional passenger narrow-body jet aircraft CRJ-200, has increased operational characteristics, is capable of flying in difficult weather conditions and in high-altitude aerodromes. The fifty-seat comfortable lounge is equipped with comfortable leather chairs, which allows passengers to travel in comfort.

Number of seats - 50.
  Range (km) - 3 950.
Cruising speed (km / h) - 790.
  Maximum height (m) - 12 500.
  Crew (pilots) - 2.

Safety precautions

Safety measures include a set of technical and organizational measures aimed at creating safe working conditions and preventing industrial accidents.

In order to ensure occupational safety at the enterprise, measures are being taken to ensure that the work of workers is safe, and large funds are allocated for the implementation of these goals. There is a special safety service at the plants, subordinate to the chief engineer of the plant, developing measures that should ensure safe working conditions for the worker, monitoring the state of industrial safety and ensuring that all workers entering the enterprise are trained in safe working methods.

As part of ensuring occupational safety at the enterprise, activities are systematically carried out at the factories that reduce injuries and eliminate the possibility of accidents. These activities are reduced mainly to the following:

· Improving the design of existing equipment in order to protect workers from injuries;

· Arrangement of new and improvement of the design of existing protective devices for machine tools, machines and heating installations, eliminating the possibility of injury; improvement of working conditions: ensuring sufficient lighting, good ventilation, dust suction from treatment sites, timely disposal of production waste, maintaining normal temperatures in workshops, workplaces and at heat-emitting units;

· Eliminating the possibility of accidents during the operation of equipment, breaking of grinding wheels, breaking of rapidly rotating circular saws, splashing of acids, explosion of vessels and high-pressure pipes, ejection of flames or molten metals and salts from heating devices, sudden switching on of electrical installations, electric shock, and t.;

· Organized familiarization of all those who come to work with the rules of conduct on the territory of the enterprise and the basic safety rules, systematic training and testing of working knowledge of safe working rules;

· Providing workers with safety instructions, and workplaces with posters that clearly show dangerous places in the workplace and measures to prevent accidents.

Maintenance and repair (MRO, MRO -maintenance and repair)- a set of operations to maintain the operability or serviceability of production equipment when used for its intended purpose, anticipation, storage and transportation.

Conducting general work on the aircraft:

1. Aerial work is carried out on the basis of an agreement between the operator of a civil aircraft and the customer.

2. The list of aviation operations and the requirements for their implementation are established by the Basic Rules for Flights in the Airspace of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Seasonal Maintenance:

Seasonal maintenance of aircraft

In relation to the civil aviation aircraft, the following types of technical maintenance are established: operational, periodic, seasonal, special, during storage.

Seasonal Maintenanceit is carried out 2 times a year during the transition to operation in the autumn-winter and spring-summer periods. Modern types of aircraft, as a rule, do not require large labor costs for seasonal maintenance, therefore it is carried out together with the next form of periodic maintenance. Seasonal maintenance provides for the detection and full restoration of protective coatings, the elimination of minor damage and corrosion on the parts of the airframe and landing gear, the adjustment of the tension of the cable wires, the operation of the anti-icing systems and icing warning devices, the detection and repair of covers and plugs and other works.

In connection with the ongoing clashes in different countries of the world, television screens constantly broadcast news reports from one or another hot spot. And very often alarming messages are heard about hostilities, during which various multiple launch rocket systems (MLRS) are actively involved. It is difficult for a person who is in no way connected with the army or the military to navigate in a wide variety of various military equipment, therefore in this article we will tell in detail to a simple layman about such death machines as:

• A heavy tank-based flamethrower system (TOC) is the Pinocchio multiple launch rocket system (an infrequently used but highly effective weapon).
• Multiple launch rocket system (MLRS) "Grad" - widely used
• The upgraded and improved “sister” of the Grad MLRS is reactive (which the media and ordinary people often call the “Typhoon” because of the chassis of the Typhoon truck used in the combat vehicle).
• The volley fire system is a powerful weapon with a large radius of action, used to destroy almost any target.
• Unparalleled worldwide, unique, reverential horror and used for total annihilation multiple launch rocket system (MLRS) "Smerch".

"Pinocchio" from an unkind tale

In the relatively distant 1971, in the USSR, engineers from the Design Bureau of Transport Engineering, located in Omsk, presented another masterpiece of military power. It was the heavy Pinocchio multiple launch rocket system (TOSZO). The creation and subsequent improvement of this flamethrower complex was stored under the heading "Top Secret". The development lasted 9 years, and in 1980 the combat complex, which is a kind of tandem of the T-72 tank and launcher with 24 guides, was finally approved and put into the Armed Forces of the Soviet Army.

Pinocchio: application

TOSZO "Pinocchio" is used for arson and significant damage:

• enemy equipment (except armored);
• high-rise buildings and other construction objects;
• various protective structures;
• manpower.

MLRS (TOS) "Pinocchio": description

Like the Grad and Hurricane multiple launch rocket systems, the Buratino TOZZO was first used in the Afghan and second Chechen wars. According to 2014 data, the military forces of Russia, Iraq, Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan have such combat vehicles.

The system of volley fire "Pinocchio" characteristics are as follows:

• The weight of TOC with a full set for combat is about 46 tons.
• The Pinocchio is 6.86 meters long, 3.46 meters wide and 2.6 meters high.
• The caliber of the shells is 220 millimeters (22 cm).
• For firing, uncontrolled rockets are used that cannot be controlled after they are fired.
• The longest firing range is 13.6 kilometers.
• The maximum area of \u200b\u200bdamage after the production of one volley is 4 hectares.
• The number of charges and guides - 24 pieces.
• The salvo aiming is carried out directly from the cockpit using a special fire control system, which consists of a sight, a roll sensor and a ballistic computer.
• The shells for picking ROSZO after the volleys are carried out by means of a transport-loading (TZM) machine model 9T234-2, with a crane and a charging device.
• Managed by Pinocchio 3 people.

As can be seen from the characteristics, only one volley of "Pinocchio" is able to turn 4 hectares into flaming hell. Impressive power, right?

Precipitation in the form of "hail"

In 1960, the USSR monopoly on the production of multiple launch rocket systems and other weapons of mass destruction NPO Splav launched another secret project and began to develop a completely new at that time MLRS called Grad. Amendments lasted 3 years, and the MLRS entered the ranks of the Soviet Army in 1963, but this did not stop its improvement, it continued until 1988.

Grad: application

Like the Uragan MLRS, the Grad multiple launch rocket system showed such good results in battle that, despite its "advanced age," it continues to be widely used to this day. "Grad" is used to deliver a very impressive blow to:

• artillery batteries;
• any military equipment, including armored;
• manpower;
• command posts
• military industrial facilities;
• anti-aircraft systems.

In addition to the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the Grad multiple launch rocket system is in service with almost all countries of the world, including almost all continents of the globe. The largest number of military vehicles of this type are in the USA, Hungary, Sudan, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Vietnam, Bulgaria, Germany, Egypt, India, Kazakhstan, Iran, Cuba, Yemen. Volley fire systems of Ukraine also contain 90 units of "Grad".

MLRS "Grad": description

Grad multiple launch rocket system features are as follows:

• The total weight of the Grad MLRS, ready for battle and equipped with all the shells, is 13.7 tons.
• MLRS length - 7.35 meters, width - 2.4 meters, height - 3.09 meters.
• The caliber of the shells is 122 millimeters (just over 12 cm).
• For firing, 122 mm caliber basic missiles are used, as well as high-explosive fragmentation explosive shells, chemical, incendiary and smoke warheads.
•   from 4 to 42 kilometers.
• The maximum area of \u200b\u200bdamage after the production of one volley is 14.5 hectares.
• One salvo is carried out in just 20 seconds.
• A full reload of the MLRS Grad lasts about 7 minutes.
• The reactive system is put into a combat position in no more than 3.5 minutes.
• MLRS reloading is possible only with the use of a transport-loading machine.
• The sight is implemented using a gun panorama.
• Manage the "City" 3 people.

"Grad" is a volley fire system, the characteristics of which, in our time, receive the highest score from the military. Throughout its existence, it was used in the Afghan war, in clashes between Azerbaijan and Nagorno-Karabakh, in both Chechen wars, during military operations in Libya, South Ossetia and Syria, as well as in the civil war in Donbass (Ukraine) that broke out in 2014 year.

Attention! Tornado Coming

"Tornado-G" (as mentioned above, this MLRS is sometimes mistakenly called "Typhoon", so both names are given here for convenience) - the multiple launch rocket system, which is an upgraded version of the Grad MLRS. Design engineers of the Splav plant worked on the creation of this powerful hybrid. Development began in 1990 and lasted 8 years. The capabilities and power of the reactive system were first demonstrated in 1998 at a training ground near Orenburg, after which it was decided to further improve this MLRS.To get the final result, the developers over the next 5 years improved the Tornado-G (Typhoon). The volley fire system was credited to the arsenal of the Russian Federation in 2013. At the moment, this combat m The tire is only in the arsenal of the Russian Federation. "Tornado-G" ("Typhoon") is a multiple launch rocket system, which has no analogues anywhere.

Tornado: application

MLRS is used in battle to crush targets such as:

• artillery;
• all types of enemy equipment;
• military and industrial facilities;
• anti-aircraft systems.

MLRS "Tornado-G" ("Typhoon"): description

“Tornado-G” (“Typhoon”) - a multiple launch rocket system, which due to the increased ammunition power, greater range and integrated satellite guidance system surpassed its so-called “older sister” - MLRS “Grad” - 3 times.

Specifications:

• The weight of the MLRS fully loaded is 15.1 tons.
• The length of the Tornado-G is 7.35 meters, its width is 2.4 meters, and its height is 3 meters.
• The caliber of the shells is 122 millimeters (12.2 cm).
• MLRS "Tornado-G" is universal in that, in addition to the basic shells from the MLRS "Grad", you can use a new generation of ammunition with detachable cumulative warheads filled with explosive cluster elements, as well as
• The firing range under favorable landscape conditions reaches 100 kilometers.
• The maximum area undergoing destruction after the production of one volley is 14.5 hectares.
• The number of charges and guides - 40 pieces.
• The sight is carried out using several hydraulic drives.
• One salvo is carried out in 20 seconds.
• The deadly machine is ready for work within 6 minutes.
• Shooting is done using a remote installation (DU) and a fully automated fire control system located in the cockpit.
• Crew - 2 people.

Ferocious Hurricane

As it happened with most MLRS, the history of the “Hurricane” began back in the USSR, and more precisely, in 1957. The “fathers” of the Uragan MLRS were Alexander Ganichev and Yury Nikolaevich Kalachnikov. Moreover, the first designed the system itself, and the second developed a combat vehicle.

Hurricane Application

MLRS "Hurricane" is designed to break down such goals as:

• artillery batteries;
• any enemy equipment, including armored;
• living force;
• all kinds of construction objects;
• anti-aircraft missile systems;
• tactical missiles.

MLRS "Hurricane": description

For the first time, “Hurricane” was used in the Afghan war. They say that the Mujahideen, before fainting, were afraid of this MLRS and even gave it a formidable nickname - “shaitan-trumpet”.

In addition, the system of volley fire "Hurricane", the characteristics of which inspire respect among soldiers, visited the clashes in South Africa. This is what prompted the military of the African continent to carry out developments in the field of MLRS.

At the moment, this MLRS is in service with countries such as: Russia, Ukraine, Afghanistan, the Czech Republic, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Belarus, Poland, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Yemen, Kyrgyzstan, Guinea, Syria, Tajikistan, Eritrea, Slovakia.

The "Hurricane" volley fire system has the following characteristics:

• The weight of the MLRS fully equipped and in combat readiness is 20 tons.
• The length of the Hurricane is 9.63 meters, its width is 2.8 meters, and its height is 3.225 meters.
• The caliber of the shells is 220 millimeters (22 cm). It is possible to use shells with a monolithic high-explosive warhead, with high-explosive fragmentation elements, with anti-tank and anti-personnel mines.
• The firing range is 8-35 kilometers.
• The maximum area of \u200b\u200bdamage after the production of one volley is 29 hectares.
• The number of charges and guides - 16 pieces, the guides themselves are able to rotate 240 degrees.
• One salvo is carried out in 30 seconds.
• A full reload of the MLRS "Hurricane" lasts about 15 minutes.
• The combat vehicle goes into combat position in just 3 minutes.
• MLRS reloading is possible only when interacting with the TK-machine.
• Shooting is carried out either using a portable control panel, or directly from the cockpit.
• The crew is 6 people.

Like the Smerch multiple launch rocket system, the Hurricane works under any military conditions, as well as when the enemy uses a nuclear, bacteriological or besides this, the complex is capable of functioning at any time of the day, regardless of season and temperature fluctuations. "Hurricane" is able to regularly participate in hostilities both in the cold (-40 ° C), and with sweltering heat (+ 50 ° C). The destination hurricane MLRS "Hurricane" can be delivered by water, by air or by rail.

The Deadly Tornado

The system of volley fire "Smerch", whose characteristics exceed all existing MLRS in the world, was created in 1986 and put into service with the military forces of the USSR in 1989. This powerful death machine to this day has no analogues in any of the countries of the world.

Tornado: application

This MLRS is rarely used, mainly for total annihilation:

• artillery batteries of all types;
• absolutely any military equipment;
• manpower;
• communication centers and command posts;
• construction projects, including military and industrial;
• anti-aircraft systems.

MLRS "Smerch": description

MLRS "Smerch" is available in the armed forces of Russia, Ukraine, the UAE, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Turkmenistan, Georgia, Algeria, Venezuela, Peru, China, Georgia, Kuwait.

The system of volley fire "Smerch" characteristics are as follows:

• The weight of the MLRS fully loaded and in a combat position is 43.7 tons.
• The length of the "Tornado" is 12.1 meters, the width is 3.05 meters, and the height is 3.59 meters.
• The caliber of shells is impressive - 300 millimeters.
• For firing, cluster missiles are used with an integrated control unit and an additional engine that corrects the direction of charge on the way to the target. The purpose of the shells can be different: from fragmentation to thermobaric.
• Firing range MLRS "Smerch" - from 20 to 120 kilometers.
• The maximum area of \u200b\u200bdamage after a single salvo is 67.2 hectares.
• The number of charges and guides - 12 pieces.
• One salvo is carried out in 38 seconds.
• Full re-equipment of MLRS "Smerch" with shells lasts about 20 minutes.
• "Tornado" is ready for combat feats in a maximum of 3 minutes.
• MLRS reloading is carried out only when interacting with a TK-machine equipped with a crane and a charging device.
• The crew is 3 people.

MLRS "Smerch" - is an ideal weapon of mass destruction, capable of working in almost any temperature conditions, day and night. In addition, shells fired by MLRS "Smerch" fall vertically, thereby easily destroying roofs of houses and armored vehicles. It is almost impossible to hide from the Tornado, the MLRS burns and destroys everything within its radius of action. Of course, this is not the power of a nuclear bomb, but nevertheless, the one who owns the "Tornado" owns the world.

The idea of \u200b\u200b"world peace" is a dream. And as long as the MLRS exist, unattainable ...

Ranked battles started on February 19 at 5:00 (Moscow time) and will last until March 12, 5:00 a.m. (Moscow time). You can find out the detailed regulations here:

One goal, one step

Starting next, the season of ranked battles will become uninterrupted. The new season will consist of only one stage, so you will no longer need to sit at the computer all day to reach the maximum rank for the week. You will now have 21 days and as many as 15 consecutive ranks.

Rank protection

As you already know, there will be 15 ranks in the new season (the higher the rank achieved, the better). Ranks 1 and 15 do not burn. However, the season will be long and stressful, so we are introducing the “Rank Protection” system, which will guarantee the safety of certain ranks and gives you the right to make a mistake.

How it will work: rank 5, 10 and 13 will have protection (literally), which will allow you not to lose the rank, even if, according to the rules, this should happen. This system will allow us to forgive you some mistakes, and you - to get ready before the next jerk. Destructible protection. Before the defense collapses and you lose the rank, a certain number of defeats will be forgiven.

• Rank 5 allows 3 defeats.
• Rank 10 allows 2 defeats.
• Rank 13 allows 1 defeat.

Remember that each defeat will reduce the rank defense by one point. However, even obtaining one chevron will be enough to fully restore the strength of the protection.

The winner will get everything

Chevrons still measure progress by rank, and we changed their distribution to motivate you.

According to the results of the battle, the top 10 players of the winning team and only 1 best player of the losing team will receive chevrons. However, if you are in the top three players of the winning team, you will receive an additional chevron. If you are among the worst 10 players of the losing team, you will lose one chevron. For all other occupied positions, the number of your chevrons is saved. Such a system will allow good players to earn ranks faster, providing additional motivation for an effective game.

Here's how it would look:

Rating

To guarantee your place in the ranking, you will need to earn at least 6 points in a rank, which means reaching rank 6. Further advancement will be more difficult than it seems. As before, you will receive one point for getting each new rank. After receiving the 15th rank, every 5 chevrons earned on a particular machine will give an additional rank point and 25. And starting this season, you can monitor your position in the ranking both in the game and on our portal.

Special awards will be awaited by participants in ranked battles: they will depend on your success in the season. Therefore, it is important to demonstrate a good game both personally and as a team!

About awards

Since the next season will be a single competition, there will be no stage awards. However, rewards for earning ranks will remain and be reviewed to justify your efforts and motivate you to move forward. For instance, when you reach rank 9 you’ll earn a total of1,500, and the higher the rank, the larger the reward will become. For achieving rank 15 you will receive a total of 4,500 and more than 3,500,000.

We will also review the rewards at the end of the season so that you get a decent promotion in gold, bonuses and days of the premium account. And for getting into each of the leagues you are guaranteed to get unique styles and stripes

Short list of cards

The previous season showed that some cards are poorly suited to the requirements of ranking battles. For this reason, we updated the list of available maps, removing Erlenberg and Marsh from the rotation.

Available cards: “Karelia”, “Robin”, “Himmelsdorf”, “Prokhorovka”, “Ensk”, “Lasville”, “Mines”, “Murovanka”, “Siegfried Line”, “Monastery”, “Westfield”, “Sandy” River ”,“ El Hallouf ”,“ Airfield ”,“ Fjords ”,“ Fishing Bay ”,“ Polar Region ”,“ Highway ”,“ Pacific Coast ”,“ Tundra ”,“ Windstorm ”,“ Paris ”,“ Industrial Zone ” .

We introduced all these changes in order to make the victory more valuable, to adequately reward the most effective players, and make the distribution according to rank appropriate to your playing skills. Now is your turn: participate in ranked battles and tell us if we succeeded using the feedback on the forum!

Ticket number 11

Question 11.1. The bodies entrusted with the protection of the hunting grounds of the region.

Answer: Department for the protection and use of wildlife, police, State Administration of the Yaroslavl Region "Department for the Protection of the Wildlife."

They exercise direct control over the management of hunting and fishing facilities in the territory of the Yaroslavl region, as well as over compliance with hunting rules. They bring violators to administrative and criminal liability. Prepare materials for criminal and civil liability. Represent the interests of the state in the courts and arbitration. Protection assigned to the user of the hunting area is carried out by regular employees of the hunting farm (huntsmen, hunting experts).

Question 11.2. The order, timing and goals of feeding wild animals and birds (give an example).

Answer: Approximate norms and types of biotechnological measures for wild animals.

Based on the biology of wild ungulates, the priorities of biotechnological activities should be as follows:

conservation and improvement of the natural food supply and habitat;

the formation of food fields from highly nutritious crops and regular haying in order to constantly supply animals with green fodder and high-quality hay;

top dressing with juicy or wet food;

top dressing with dry high-calorie feed;

mineral top dressing;

device in arid regions of artificial watering holes, dams, dams on streams and rivers.

Animals begin to be fed during leaf fall, accustoming them to regularly visit the feeding grounds and concentrate in the nearby hunting grounds. With the precipitation of snow and as its thickness increases, the feeding of animals also increases.

Boar top dressing.  In hunting farms, for its feeding, grain wastes or oats, barley, wheat and rye grains, as well as corn, peas, sunflowers, lupins, potatoes, beets, carrots, Jerusalem artichokes, apples, pears, acorns, beech nuts, compound feeds, bagasse, various wastes of food enterprises, meat and bone meal, etc.

The estimated period for feeding wild pigs is 70-165 days depending on climatic conditions, the daily rate of calculation is 1-3 kg per head, depending on the type of feed and the severity of winter. On frosty days, the daily ration is increased to 3-4 kg per individual. In fact, in the snow period, for each wild boar, about 300-500 kg of high-quality feed is required. To keep the boar in the hunting economy and reduce losses, regular summer feeding in much smaller quantities than in winter will also be useful.

Forage fields.  Land plots received by hunting users in accordance with land legislation are used for growing fodder crops and for harvesting hay for feeding wild animals. Fodder fields are established with the aim of increasing the natural forage capacity of the land, as well as to distract wildlife from the damage of crops. Partially, the harvest from the food fields is harvested for the winter feeding of animals, partly left on the vine. It is most rational to lay food fields in small areas of 0.2-0.4 ha, distributing them over the land depending on the location of animals. A set of fodder plants is selected taking into account the preference of their animals in a particular area.

For feeding elk, deer, hare  in the hunting grounds, undercutting of aspen is carried out, branch feed is laid out. Aspen forest should be cut in accordance with the procedure established by forest legislation, mainly on cutting areas of the current and future years. By agreement with loggers, you can use logging residues in the cutting areas.

For brown hares, a feeding platform is arranged on a high open place, remote from settlements. A stake (1.5 m high) is hammered into the ground, onto which an unfrozen and salted oat sheaf is strung. There are several pieces of such sheaves in different places. With snowfall, it is determined how often hares visit sheaves, and depending on this, sheaves or bundles of salted hay are periodically brought up, which are strung on stakes.

For beavers. Feeding beavers organized in the spring during floods, arid summers and winters in places where beavers lack food. Before the flood, freshly chopped willows and aspen trees are brought to the flooded beaver settlements. Some of them are assigned to standing trees in places of natural and artificial beaver shelters. At the time of flood, each beaver family needs to stock 1 m3 of branch feed. Where beavers do not have enough food, it is necessary to lay out branches of aspen, willow, linden, mountain ash, oak and other tree species near burrows with fall foliage already in autumn. In severe frosts, beavers rarely go outside. In such cases, an oblong (2-3 m) ice-hole is punched near their dwellings, into which branches of the abovementioned tree species are laid upwards with a butt.

Solonetsy.  All herbivores, especially in winter, as well as in spring and summer, need mineral fertilizing (salt). Therefore, care must be taken to ensure that permanent salt marshes are equipped at each feeding station. In winter, animals get used to salt licks and continue to visit them in spring and summer.

Question 11.3. At what distances are projectiles fired from a smoothbore gun dangerous (bullets, buckshot, shot)?

Answer: The maximum range of individual pellets and the total safe range of shotgun

The greatest flight distance of an individual shot, and therefore the safe firing range of various shots at an elevation angle of 20-30 ° are:

The maximum range of bullets fired from a shotgun at a high elevation angle (40-50 °), reaches 1000-1500 m. With such firing, a bullet at the end can be concussive or injure a person if it hits, for example, in the face.

From the foregoing, it is clear that the hunter must carefully ensure that in the direction of the shooting there are no people, dwellings or pets at a distance of the maximum range of the projectile.

Question 11.4. Why is the hunting season and season set? Give examples.

Answer: In order to preserve wild animals from extinction, hunters from ancient times have got rules that do not allow total destruction of both animals and birds. For this, restrictions on prey were introduced at certain times of the year, for example, in the summer when animals feed offspring and the death of one of the parents can often lead to the death of the entire brood.

The ethical standards of people around the world, for a long time, forbade hunting animals in helpless condition (natural disasters, molting in birds) during unfavorable conditions (without feed, freezing, fires, etc.) or more than is required.

In modern times, there are sanctions, restrictions and prohibitions regulated by law. Among which the leading role belongs to the ban on hunting outside the permitted periods of the spring, summer-autumn and autumn-winter seasons. The hunting season is strictly regulated and established by the management bodies of the hunting farms. Hunting in forbidden terms is punishable by fines and lawsuits.

Hunting farms, so that there would be no depletion of animal stocks, are not unsuccessful, apply different restrictions on hunting, restrictions on throughput, the creation of reserves, etc. Long-term hunting bans saved many species of rare animals, which subsequently multiplied and are now allowed for hunting.

Each self-respecting hunter must know the objects of the hunt, and without knowing the beast and birds not to raise a gun, observe the rules for obtaining game, which is necessary, not only to avoid fines, but also for the benefit of the hunters themselves, in whose interests - the preservation of animals.

Question 11.5. Tell us about the trunks of modern smoothbore guns, about their device, calibers and types of drilling. What safety precautions should be followed when cleaning trunks?

Answer: The barrel is a relatively thin-walled steel tube. They serve to place the projectile and charge, to disperse the projectile and its direction to the target.

The inner part of the trunk is called a channel and is divided into three parts: the breech (back), the trunk itself (from the breech to the muzzle) and the muzzle (front). In the breech of the barrel channel there is a section broadened in diameter - the chamber, where the unitary cartridge is placed when loading. Most often, the chamber length is 65 and 70 mm. Between the chamber and the bore is a projectile entrance, called the transition cone. It allows the use of shells without their exact correspondence to the length of the chamber and forms a shot projectile during its transition from the shell into the bore. The length of the transition cone is from 10 to 30 mm, and for good guns - from 15 to 20 mm. Next is the actual bore, having a certain diameter, called a caliber. The caliber is indicated by the number of round (ball) bullets cast from one pound of pure lead in an even count, exactly corresponding to the diameter of the barrel 220 mm from its official cut. The muzzle consists of a transitional cone and a muzzle narrowing, or choke. The muzzle narrowing “pulls” the shot shell, contributes to its compact flight in mid-air, increasing the range and accuracy of the shot’s impact on the target. In modern rifles, the muzzle of the barrel (s) has ten different types (cylinder, flanges, Parker choke, cylinder with a set or reverse cone, narrowing with a reverse cone, drilling paradox, etc.). In domestic rifles, the magnitudes of muzzle contractions range from 0.25 to 1.25 mm. The magnitude of the muzzle narrowing is determined by the difference in the diameter of the barrel before the muzzle narrowing and the internal diameter of the muzzle. For example, if the diameter of the bore is 18.5 mm, and the inner diameter of the muzzle is 18 mm, then the magnitude of the muzzle narrowing will be 0.5 mm. The length of the trunks of most guns ranges from 650 to 750 mm. In double-barreled shotguns, the trunks are connected into a single unit by soldering or fixing into couplings. An aiming bar or rear sight is placed on the trunks.

designed for the removal from the cutting area (lower warehouses) of wood raw materials and round timber  to places of processing, temporary storage and shipment

According to their validity, forest roads are divided into permanent (year-round), seasonal and temporary (forest whiskers). TO permanent cargo assembly roads. They serve several logging enterprises; each enterprise takes out timber to transshipment points located along the highway. Next, the timber is transported to the junction of the cargo collection road, to highways forest road (the main section of the forest road serving timber baseenterprises for the entire period of its existence or for a significant part of it), branch (branches adjacent to the main line of the forest road serving a part of the forest raw materials base for several years; the validity of branches depends on the size forest areas and the sequence of their development; the distance between individual branches is 2–3 km in areas with intensive logging, and 4–6 km in forest-rich areas. There are several categories of permanent forest roads by type of coverage (depending on the annual freight traffic). Roads of higher categories have improved capital coatings, roads of lower categories - transitional and lower type of coating - gravel, gravel, improved unpaved. Freight assembly roads have, as a rule, asphalt and reinforced concrete pavement. The main coating materials for highways are gravel and crushed stone. In some cases, various organic and mineral binders are used to increase the bearing properties of soils.

Forest roads seasonal action designed for use in summer or winter. Winter automobile forest roads are designed for the development of cutting areas on weak and swampy soils, where the operation of vehicles in the summer is difficult or economically disadvantageous. Winter forest roads operate one or more winter seasons. The foundation of such roads is prepared in the summer by rough planning of the terrain, and with the onset of the first frosts the wetlands are strengthened with a deck of fine trunks and branches and compacted with light tractor passages. The cover for winter forest roads is a rolled snow layer or an ice layer 30-40 cm thick. Routes of such roads are usually laid along watersheds, floodplains rivers and other sections, bypassing steep climbs and descents. Temporary logging roads - logging mustache -designed for the development of individual cutting areas and adjacent to a branch or highway. The validity of such roads is no more than a year.

The transport network of a logging enterprise usually consists of one highway, several branches and a large number of logging mustaches. In mountainous conditions, roads are mainly used for timber transportation. The mountain forest roads are laid depending on the ground conditions in valleys above the floodplain terracesslopes of slopes, gentle watersheds so as to reduce the slope of the transport route as much as possible. The cover of mountain forest roads on highways and branches is gravel and gravel, on forest mustaches - soil and gravel-gravel. According to the annual traffic intensity, mountain forest roads are divided into several categories that differ in operational parameters. Logging road, in addition to transporting various timber, can be used for forestry purposes, including when thinning, harvesting of wood chemical raw materials, etc. According to the rules standing forest forest users are obliged to maintain and bring to proper condition the roads, bridges and other structures that have been disturbed during timber harvesting and transportation of other goods. At the end of the term timber transportation the main forest roads, the list of which is determined by the relevant agreement, must be transferred to the leshoz in a condition suitable for their further economic use.

Seasonal logging roads are mainly winter logging roads. Such roads are built in hard-to-reach places - swamps, marshes. This type of road is particularly worthwhile with the rotational logging method. Seasonal roads are covered with snow and ice. The cost of roads is almost 10 times less than the cost of summer roads, and the cost of transporting 1 m3 of wood per kilometer is 2-2.5 times lower. According to the type of coating, snow and ice roads are distinguished. Snow roads are divided into snow-packed and snow-ice roads. Snow-compacted roads are built at a low traffic intensity and the operation of light road trains. They are simple in design and do not require large construction costs. The surface of these roads is a compacted layer of snow on a planned earthen base. If the snow on such a road is compacted and watered during the winter, then such a road becomes snowy ice. At the end of winter, the thickness of the snow layer reaches 0.5 m, which extends its validity by 8-10 days compared to a snow-packed road. A better coating of winter roads is ice. Ice roads are built on an earthen base, which ensures its greater hardness and evenness, heat resistance, speed and route load of timber road trains. The use of ice coatings allows extending the winter season of transportation by 12-15 days and bringing it to 100 days or more. To increase the strength of the coating and reduce its thawing in spring, freeze chips, sawdust, shavings in open places and slopes in the coating. The strength of the coating with wood additives increases by 1.5-2 times, depending on the type and amount of additives. Tracked vehicles are not allowed on icy roads.